Progressive Movement Essay

The period from 1890 to 1917 in the history of United States is known as liberalist era. This period is marked by an each(prenominal)-encompassing and intensive transfer in all spheres of the Statesn life viz. governmental, sparing and social. The modern leaders with faith in the traditional American ideals of democratic policy-making science, unmarried liberty, rule of natural law and protection of private rights and property, felt that Gilded time was marked by corruption. They further felt that due to the policies and practices of the previous regimes, a privileged wealthy class has been created that had pl under(a)ed the national wealth and resources.Prof. Ekirch (1978) explored the arduous intellectual factors behind the Progressive movement. He illustrates trans-Atlantic roots of this phenomenon that starts with Darwinism. He says in this regard that it was the transformation of the Populist and Socialist ideas of the 1890s into an American meter reading of the state socialism or social republic (p.34). Furtherto a greater extent he considers it a response to industrialization of America and Imperialism invasion the world over. steady there is a nonher viewpoint that postulates the theory that the progressive movement never existed (Filene, 1970. p.1)So these motives propelled them to create a new socio-political milieu to nurture the trustworthy American ideals. They wanted that majority of the people must be associated with the establishment and those ruling over the United States must be do answerable to the electorates. They also expected higher standard of professional morality and justice from the officials. In the economic sphere they were alarmed by the growth of change magnitude monopoly of a few entrepreneurs and exploitations of the farmers and domesticateing classes.These leaders from pump class pleaded for government regulation of big stemmaes to prevent exploitations pf the weaker sections. Stressing on the needs for ref orms, Theodore Roosevelt said, No stern rule can be laid down as to the flair in which such work reform must be done but most certainly every man, whatever his position, should strive to do it in nigh way and to some degree. (Roosevelt) Most of the problems that Progressives wanted to tackle was an take of the industrial expansion and the political-industrial coalitions of the Gilded Age.During the Progressive almost every division of American life was overhauled and modernized. Thus Progressivism was a movement with predominantly middle class objectives and viewpoint, deriving much of its support from piffling byplaymen, farmers and professional people. The regular progressive leader was some lawyer, journalist or businessmen who, moved(p) by corruption or misgovernment in his own community, started a crusade to elect better men to office, and gradually came to the realization that what was inevitable was a reform of the system as well as a change of men. ( Parkes, p.544 )Broadly speaking the Progressive reformists fall in to categories. The graduation category consists of those who had its origin in the agrarian West and concerned themselves in the basic place with economic issues. The prominent among these Progressives were Henry George (author of Progress and Poverty), Edward Bellamy (author of looking Backward).the chief political spokesman of this category of Progressivism was Altgald and Donnelly, Brian and La Follette.The second category consists of those Eastern Progressives who addressed themselves to the problems exchangeable the tariff reform, merit system and anti-Imperialism. The predominant spokesmen of this category were Godkin, George William Curtis and chairperson Charles W. Eliot of Harvard University. Its political spokesmen were Carl Schurz, Abram S. Hewitt and Woodrow Wilson.The Progressives also differed as to how the state should interfere to protect the weaker sections of the society. There were some Progressives like Th eodore Roosevelt who held that the growth of business corporations were inevitable economic trend and governments should not abolish them. The government should merely concern itself with the regulation of their affairs. In short, they stood for great governmental control over huge enterprises and industrial units.To undo justices to the weaker sections and labor, they stood for multiplication of great privileges and compensations to the working classes as well as the strengthening of tidy sum unions, which they believe would counteract the powers of big corporations and their corrupt practices. There was still some some otherwisewise group of Progressive, supported by Woodrow Wilson, who emphasized the need of prohibiting monopoly, protecting small business and enforcing effecting competition. In other orders they were more in line with gravidism.The first battle of reforms were fought by the Progressives at the Municipal and state take. This was so because the states und er American constitutional system had jurisdiction over almost all matters of social character i.e. working hours, wages of labor, conditions of workplace, welf atomic number 18 of women and children, education, health, suffrage etcetera So it was in the states that most national reforms were initially tested at the rudimentary stages. Furthermore these states also served as the testing grounds for reformers who later(prenominal) undertook the reforms at the national level. Thus Roosevelt got his training at New York urban center and Albany. La Follett l pull in the economies of prepareway and trust regulation in Wisconsin and Woodrow Wilson earned the reputation of a great reformer as a liberal Governor of New Jersey.However, the most spectacular reforms in this period were accomplished at state Level by Robert Marion La Follette of Wisconsin (although the spade work for reforms at the state level was done John P. Altgald of Illinois and Hazen S. Pingree in Michigan). He consi stently fought for the democratic ideals and was opposed to domination of Government by the business interests. During his Governorship, he gave concrete shape to his Wisconsin Idea. He en life-sized democracy through the direct primary initiative and referendum.He accomplished draught on campaigns expenditures, municipal home rule, civil service reforms and creation of means of experts to advise the administration. With a view to protect the people against exploitations by large business corporations, La Follette set up commissions to regulate Railway and other public utility services. He further enforced the law that compelled the rail companies and timber corporations to pay their share of taxes. Additionally, he introduced several reforms that changed the socio-economic set-up of the whole state.At the federal level, the Progressive movement set in with the inauguration of the President Roosevelt, who was the first of the three Progressive Presidents i.e. Taft and Woodrow Wilso n. His first act to curtail the powers of the large organizations was epitomized through the suite against The Northern Securities Company in 1903. He introduced other legislative measures to breakdown the monopoly of the large corporations. Elkins bear of 1903, Hepburn Act of 1906 are provided some examples.Second major proponent of Progressivism at the Federal level was President William Howard Taft (1909-1913) who accomplished more progressive command than the Roosevelt. He introduced and enacted law to check corrupt practices during the elections. He dissolved ninety trusts under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (these trusts were saving huge taxes in the name of charity and were involved in certain illegal activities).He strengthened the cause of democracy when he propagated the idea of direct elections for the senators and introduced 17th amendments in the U.S. constitutions that provided for direct elections of the members of the Senate instead existence elected by the State le gislatures. Furthermore, he wanted to reduce tariffs because he felt hat the Dingley Act of 1897 was much too high and enabled the entrepreneurs to stretch exorbitant prices. It is often alleged that Taft was not a true Progressive but it remains the fact that more progressive legislation was enacted during his presidency.Woodrow is the side by side(p) in the row for progressive presidents. He introduced far-reaching economic reforms and adopted a number other progressive measure to capacitate the entire American spirit with purpose. Hs foremost priority was the revision of tariff and introduction of operable reforms. He was successful to get The Underwood Tariff Act (1913) passed. Secondly, he introduced another Act to reconstruct the monetary and banking sector. He introduced certain other legislative measure to minimize the effect of Gilded Age1. Although his program of more progressive reforms were cut short but the outbreak or WW II but two more constitutional amendment (18th and 19th) became effective in his presidency.2though Progressives could not bring about the revolutionary transformation of the political and economic system, yet it cannot be denied that through their reforms they tried to revitalize democracy and made the rulers responsible and accountable to the public. Perhaps the best known results of this era are the 18th and 19th Amendments, Prohibition and woman suffrage respectively. But this legislation really came at the tail end of the period which has come to be known as the Age of Reform.The amendments were actually the byproducts of an immense social and political upheaval which changed forever the expectations of the role government would play in American society. (PBS) The most important contribution of the progressive era was the change that they embodied in the attitudes of the political and business leaders. In the subsequent years, the big business corporations could not completely ignore the public and their interests. Althou gh the Progressive era was a short one but it pioneered a new role for government.ReferencesEkirch, Arthur A. Progressivism in America. A study of the Era from TheodoreRoosevelt to Woodrow Wilson. New York New Viewpoints. 1974.Filene, Peter G. An necrology for The Progressive Movement. American Quarterly. Vol.22, No. 1(Spring, 1970). pp. 20-34Parkes, Henry B. The United States of AmericaA History. New York, Knopf, 1959PBS. The Progressive Era 1900-1918.Retrieved on March 07, 2007 fromhttp//www.pbs.org/wgbh/curbing/eleanor/peopleevents/pande08.html1 Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) and the formation of Federal trade commission to reduce the dirty methods of trade are some other measures.2 18th Amendment of U.S. Constitution the change of introduction of Prohibition was completed whereas 19th Amendments granted the right of ballot to the women on equal terms with men.