Why USA Became Involved in Vietnam Essay - 840 Words

Why USA Became Involved in Vietnam Before the Second World War, the region between India and China which now includes Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos was part of the French Empire. During the Second World War, however, Japan controlled Vietnam. After the war, the French tried to take over again but a communist group, the Vietminh wanted independence. During this war of independence the USA became involved as well. This essay will look at the reasons of why they did. The first reason why the USAbecame involved in Vietnam was the Domino theory. President Eisenhower first used the term in 1954 to justify US involvement in South East Asia, particularly Vietnam. The Domino theory was first evident in†¦show more content†¦This reason is linked to the Domino Theory as Truman supported the French in the hope that communism would not spread into Vietnam and hence preventing it from spreading to the rest of the world. Furthermore, this is a long term cause as containment was introduced even before the Domino Theory. A third reason why the USAbecame involved in Vietnam was when Eisenhower supported Diems corrupt government in the South. Until this point it was a civil war between the communist north and the capitalist south. Again, he did this because of the Domino Theory and so that communism would not spread. Diem used US troops to stay in power and did not have any elections for fear of a communist win. This is a short term cause because unlike the other causes, it did not happen a long time before the event. The fourth reason why the USA became involved in Vietnam was Kennedys foreign policy. In this he wanted to protect the free world from communism, The USA stands for freedom and God while communism stands for ruthless godless tyranny. Due to this he had sent 16 500 US troops and advisors to Vietnam by 1962. Moreover, he increased the budget of anti-communism activities around the world. The U2 incident, Berlin Wall, and the Cuban Missile crisis all increased tension between communism and capitalism and all these on top of Vietnam helped to increase determination to fightShow MoreRelatedEssay on The War in Vietnam1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe War in Vietnam America became increasingly involved in the war in Vietnam, mainly because of the domino theory, the fear of the spread of communism. If South Vietnam fell to the communist the US feared that communism would spread throughout Asia and to neighbouring countries. The influence of the previous presidents also caused another main reason for the US to become more involved in Vietnam. But there is one underlining fact; if the ‘French had not left, AmericaRead MoreUnited States Involvement in Vietnam Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesStates Involvement in Vietnam The end of World War Two was the beginning of Americas worries about Communism. They feared that it would spread throughout the countries of the world. 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The modernisation of todays society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6954 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Energy is fundamental to almost everything we do. The availability of an adequate and reliable supply of energy is critical for economic development and improving the standard of living. The modernisation of todays society was made possible though the employment of technology which was and still is energised by fossil fuels. But we expect energy it to be available whenever we want, affordable and safe. Only when something goes wrong do we realise how much we depend upon extremely complicated energy systems. (Hinrichs and Kleinbach 2002). Throughout the world the real estate sector is accountable for around 30% of global carbon emissions and 40% of global energy consumption (RICS 2005). Being one of the largest sectors in both carbon emissions and energy consumption it was obvious that it should be targeted. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The modernisation of todays society" essay for you Create order In the United Kingdom 28% of all CO2 emissions come from our homes and According to Gavin Killip (researcher in the Lower Carbon Group, Oxford University) the UK has one of the oldest, most inefficient stocks of housing in Europe, with two million homes that are officially unhealthy. It is well documented that dealing with energy inefficiency in the domestic residential sector helps reduce social illness from fuel poverty and poor housing, as well as the environmental issues of climate change and the reduction of green house gases. The world and UK government have realised that we need to change the way we live to help reduce our carbon emissions, to date there have been many changes made and reports conducted, some of which include, Low carbon buildings program, Energy performance certificates, climate change levy, carbon emission reduction target, climate change bill and the energy efficient target. There have been numerous organisations established to help make the general public more aware of the situation; these include the Energy Savings Trust NEED MORE NAMES. The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) was introduced through the Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The Kyoto Protocol has outlined targets to which thirty seven major countries must meet. They must reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Britain and Northern Ireland are to cut its greenhouse emissions by 12.5% of its 1990 level by 2012 according to the Kyoto project. According to the Department of Energy and Climate Change the UK is on track to almost double the reduction to 23% by 2012. In 2003 the European Union implemented the Energy Performance of Building Directive (2002/91/EC on the Energy Performance of Buildings). Its purpose is to promote the improvement of the energy performance of buildings within the Community. The European Union felt the best way to achieve this was to ask member states to ensure that when a building is built, sold or rented an energy performance certificate is made available to potential purchasers or tenants. Each member state is responsible for ensuring that an EPC is made available; within Northern Ireland the Department of Finance and Personnel (DFPNI) are responsible under the Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008. For Northern Ireland energy performance certificates where made mandatory in the summer of 2008. They where phased in; 30 June 2008: Sale of existing dwellings. 30 September 2008: Dwellings and non-dwellings on construction. 30 December 2008: Rental of existing buildings; sale of existing non-dwellings. In addition to producing energy performance certificates for the residential sector, regulations where also in place to implement certificates for large public sectors buildings over 1000square meters. These are known as Display energy certificates or DECs. They are measured by the amount of energy the building uses and are updated annually. Energy Performance certificates for the domestic or residential sector last for 10 years. The only exceptions from needing an energy performance certificate are: Places of worship. Temporary buildings in use for less than two years. Low energy demand buildings such as agricultural buildings. Stand alone buildings less than 50m ². Lease Renewals Extensions. Energy Performance Certificates can only be produced by registered domestic energy assessors (DEA). The assessors are accredited by approved accreditation schemes and must register annually with the national registrar. There are a number of different accreditation schemes available to become a certified assessor. There are also two different types of assessor, domestic and non domestic energy assessor (DEA and NDEA). Every EPC produced is recorded on the registrar along with the data gathered from assessing the property. The registrar in Northern Ireland is maintained by a company called Landmark. EPC record ratings for the energy efficiency of a building and the environmental impact of a building. Domestic Energy Assessors are trained to Level 3 which is Domestic level only and gathers Reduced Data Standard Assessment Procedure (RDSAP). An on-construction EPC is a form of SAP assessment and the assessor would record more info like u values of the materials used, orientation of the building, areas of walls and windows etc. He is whats known as an OCDEA (On Construction Domestic Energy Assessor). Homes built since September 2008 require an OCDEA to produce an On-construction EPC (or new build EPC). There are other certificates required for new builds like the design SAP Calculations and the As Built SAP calculations. BRE is a body called the Building Research Establishment who will provide training and qualifications for SAP assessors. They also have their own software for the production of EPCs and SAP calculations. There are many different bodies like BRE ie Stroma, NHER, and Elmhurst. Commercial rating is undertaken by assessors who are Level 4 and 5. Level 4 is for commercia l and public buildings level 5 for production or industrial buildings. Aim of Dissertation: Critically assess and analyse Energy Performance Certificates in the Residential lettings Sector of Belfast. Objectives: Assess the impact of Energy Performance Certificates on the residential lettings sector. Assess the views of current and potential tenants. Assess the views of landlords. Assess the views of Property professionals and Energy Assessors. Methodology: There are distinctive differences between Quantitative and Qualitative research. In order to satisfy the stated aims and objectives the researcher must consider whether the research is to be of a Quantitative or Qualitative nature. (Williman, 2005). Quantitative research is objective in nature. It is defined as an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a hypothesis or a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analysed with statistical procedures in order to determine whether the hypothesis or the theory hold true. (Cresswell, 1994). Qualitative research is subjective in nature. It emphasises meanings, experiences, description and so on, the information gathered in Qualitative research can be classified under two categories of research namely, exploratory and attitudinal. (Naoum, 2006) Creswell aptly summarised the two concepts by suggesting Qualitative research; the intent is to learn participants views about a particular phenomenon. In respect of Quantitative research, the intent is to see how data provided by participants fits an existing theory, thus the intent in Quantitative Research is either to support or to refute an existing theory (Creswell, 2007). Literature Search / Review: Structured Interviews: Data Analysis: Case Study: Dissertation Structure: Correlation between Objectives, methodology and chapters: Chapter Two: Literature Review: Literature reviews help researches limit the scope of their inquiry, and they convey the importance of studying a topic to readers. Creswell (2003). The idea of a literature review is that it will provide background information which will aid in the completion of this dissertation. A literature review will help develop a sound understanding of the research that has already been completed in the relevant field of study. A literature review is based on a sound and extensive knowledge of the chosen subject, this knowledge had to be generated by the studying of journals, reports, websites and newspapers. As the introduction of Energy Performance Certificates happened in June 2008 then the majority of relevant information will be found on the internet as it is such a topical subject at present. There is also government legislation which provides a lot of relevant information. The literature review is a key element of a Quantitative study. The Literature review will assist the researcher in knowing which specific questions to ask, by developing issues and themes for the research and design process. To enable the researcher to carry out a meticulous review of the chosen area of study it vital that they consider all areas of associated literature. The researcher will also consider sources of secondary data. Secondary literature sources are those that cite from primary sources such as textbooks and newspaper articles, Naoum (2006). Kyoto protocol: DIRECTIVE 2002/91/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Energy in a Changing World strategy. The Lisbon Strategy: Energy Performance of Buildings (Certificates and Inspections) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008. This literature review will concentrate on the conventions and protocols that lead to the creation of energy performance certificates. Included in this literature review will be a detailed look at an actually EPC and political views from members of parliament and energy / property professionals. Climate Change: Climate change is a change in the distribution of weather over time. It can be a change in the average weather or a change in the distribution of weather events around an average. Anthropogenic factors are human activities that change the environment. One of the major causes of climate change is the amount of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The UNFCCC main aim is to control the amount of greenhouse gases in the earths atmosphere. The UNFCCC does not set any mandatory limits or guidelines to the amount of greenhouse gases but instead set protocols that would be compulsory and legally binding. The UNFCCC came into force on March 21, 1994 and at the time of writing the UNFCCC had 192 parties. Once the UNFCCC was formed it formed national greenhouse gas inventories. They used these inventories to set the benchmark levels for 1990. The Kyoto protocol uses these benchmarks to measure performance. The UNFCCC classified all members into three distinct groups; Annex I countries. Annex II countries. Developing Countries. Annex I countries have committed to reducing their greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels to targets that are mostly set below their 1990 levels. The UK must reduce there GHG by 12.5% of the 1990 levels by 2012. Annex II countries are simply a subgroup of Annex I countries and are members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The Annex II countries must pay the costs for the developing countries. Developing counties arent required to reduce emissions under the agreement. Kyoto Protocol: This protocol is part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). All member countries of the UNFCC meet annually to discuss and assess its progress relating to climate change. These meetings are known as Conferences of the Parties (COP). At the third COP, this took place in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan the UNFCC adopted the Kyoto Protocol. Its aim is to combat global warming by controlling our greenhouse gas emissions which enter and harm our atmosphere. The Kyoto Protocol was established in Kyoto, Japan in 1997. To date 187 countries have signed up to the protocol. The United States of America is the largest non-member. When rejecting the protocol Mr. Bush cited poor scientific facts,protocol emission targets not scientifically based. Bush claimed that America stands to loose 5 million jobs and a further $400 billion in revenue should the treaty be adopted. The Economics of Climate Change 2007: Stern Review: A 700 page report produced my Nicholas Stern and his team of economist at HM treasury for the British government. It discusses the effects of global warming on the world economy. The reports main conclusion is that early and strong action now will far out way the costs involved if no action where taken in relation to climate change. Stern stated that 1% of the global GDP would be enough to counteract the causes of global warming. However in August 2008 a report in the guardian newspaper quoted Stern that this figure should be increased approx 2% of GDP to account for faster than expected climate change. One of the main conclusions of the stern review was: Emissions have been, and continue to be, driven by economic growth; yet stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere is feasible and consistent with continued growth. The review has come under some criticism however, the review, ultimately fails to provide a convincing case for spending a large amount of scarce financial resources on reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Eric Neumayer 2007). While other papers argue that human-induced climate change is not real (Byatt et al., 2006 ). Fuel Poverty: Currently, 203,000 families, representing 33% of households in Northern Ireland, live in fuel poverty (NEA, 2004a NEA, Fuel poverty: the health imperative, NIHE/NEA, Belfast (2004).Niamh Shortt, Jorun RugkÃÆ' ¥sa, 2007). Damp is one of the most common health hazards associated with poor housing and is largely a result of poor insulation and inadequately heated homes. In Northern Ireland social housing tenants spend a greater proportion of their income on energy needs than any other social group (Anon, 1997). The U.K. Home Energy Conservation Act (HECA) was established in 1996 to address energy consumption of the national housing stock. Improving the thermal performance of dwelling envelopes in existing social housing is a priority in Northern Ireland as 79% of total domestic energy consumption is due to space-heating (Anon, 1996). SAP RdSAP: Within the UK the recommended method for measuring an buildings energy rating is standard assessment procedure or SAP. This method calculates the amount of energy the building is using per annum. To calculate energy performance certicates assessors use reduced data standard assessment procedure or RdSAP. Political Opinions: Energy performance certificates make good economic sense (Sammy Wilson 2009). The minister felt that making future tenants and home owners aware of the efficiency of the property will save them money on energy bills in the future. He felt that the more energy efficient properties will become increasing desirable and landlords will want to improve the rating of their properties. Department of Finance and Personnel Northern Ireland: The DFPNI are responsible for improving the energy efficiency of building in northern Ireland. They have introduced energy performance certificates and display energy certificates. They are the section of the government who are responsible for the introduction of the EPCs to Northern Ireland, responding to the European Union legislation Energy Performance of Buildings Directive. Once this legislation was introduced the DFP have since been policing the matter. In a letter sent to all estate agents in October 2009 they stated that they would be visiting all agents to assess the number of properties that have an EPC available. They also noted that any property which doesnt have a valid EPC that the landlord could be liable to a 200 fine. Chapter Three Analysis of Public opinion and Professional Interviews: A questionnaire was disturbed to tenants and home owners in the Belfast area. I emailed links to the online questionnaire which was setup through www.esurveypro.com. This website lets you create online surveys; I then emailed tenants and purchasers a link to the survey. I received 140 completed questionnaires. I then conducted analysis of this data using SPSS 17. The questionnaire data was analysed using SPSS 17. Frequency tables and cross tabulations highlight some of the trends in the data, graphs help represent this data in a more aesthetically pleasing manor. From the above table you can see the frequency of the age. The largest age group was the under 30s which accounted for 61.4% of my data. Then the under 20s at 21.4%. I had a limited response from anyone over the age of 30. Energy performance certificates where introduced to the Northern Ireland market in July 2008. Therefore anyone that has bought a property in the last 18months should have seen an EPC before they rented or purchased their property. From the above table 75.2% of people surveyed had bought or rented a property in the last 18months. If you filter the results to show only those respondents who have rented or bought a property in this past 18 months (i.e. Since EPCs where introduced) then only 60 people or 42.8% where actually aware of Energy performance certificates. 32.9% of respondents had bought or rented in last 18 months and where not aware of the term EPC or energy performance certificate. As it is a legal requirement for all properties sold or rented in Northern Ireland to have an EPC you would imagine that more than 42.8% of purchasers and renters would have been familiar with the phrase EPC. When asked how much the respondent knew about EPCs they had to rate their answer as either 1,2,3,4 or 5. 1 = knew nothing about epcs and 5 = new a lot about epcs. From the above table 54 respondents that said they where not aware of EPCs also said they knew nothing, 6 respondents answered 2 to this question. Out of the 80 respondents that said they where aware of the term EPC or energy performance certificate 14 (17.5%) of them knew nothing about it, 26 (32%) new very little about EPCs, 18 (22.5%) somethings about EPCs, 8 (10%) new quite a bit and 17.5% new a lot about energy performance certificates. This would demonstrate that the majority of the people surveyed had very little knowledge of EPCs. This is quiet shocking as 75.2% of people surveyed had bought or rented a property in the last 18months. From the above table the majority of respondents that bought or rented a property in the last 18 months did not know if the property had an EPC. A shocking 52 (49%) respondents didnt no if the property had an EPC. 46 (43.4%) respondents said their property didnt have an EPC, only 8 (7.5%) respondents confirmed that their property did have an EPC. When asked if an Energy performance certificate would help to make a decision on a property 22.0% said it would not, 21.4% said it would help make a decision and 55.7% where not sure. When asked 38.6% of respondents said they would pay more money for a property that was energy efficient. 28.6% said they would not pay more money and 32.9% said they might pay more money for any energy efficient property. This survey has concluded that the majority of the sample purchasers and tenants in the Belfast area are not aware of energy performance certificates. More needs too be done to make people aware of EPCs and what they mean. When the sale of a property takes place most purchasers arnt interested in the EPC rating. In the majority of cases the EPC isnt displayed in the property brochure. EPCs for sales properties are usually just created as the solicitor is reqired to have one before the sale can take place. Therefore the seller or purchaser never become aware of the rating or of the recommendations it contains. The minimum EPC rating from my sample data was 20. The maximum EPC rating was 85 and the mean 59.26. If you compare this to the Northern Ireland average of 50, my data is therefore slightly higher. However this could be as Belfast has a better housing stock than more rural towns and villages where generally EPC ratings would be lower. The Northern Ireland Housing Executive 2006 Housing Conditions Survey report provides details of the SAP ratings for all properties in Northern Ireland. The mean SAP rating for housing in urban areas was 54.45 in 2006 and for rural housing it was 52.35. For the Belfast Metropolitan Area the mean SAP rating in 2006 was 54.96. This demonstrates clearly the difference in location to SAP ratings and therefore energy efficiency rating or EPC rating. The majority of my sample properties are terrace and apartment, the mean SAP rating for these types of properties are 55.45 and 63 consecutively. The average of these two figures would be 59, which is extremely close to the sample mean above (59.26). SAP ratings are produced for all new build properties. Since their introduction in 2008 EPCs have used RdSAP calculations to calculate the EPC rating. This involves special software models which uses known measurements of energy performance for the different aspects of the property which are: Walls. Roof. Floor. Windows. Main heating. Main heating controls. Secondary heating. Hot water. Lighting. If the Energy performance assessors recommendations are followed then the property could achieve a higher rating. This rating is also displayed on the energy performance certificate and is known as potential rating. The table above shows the min, max and mean figures for the sample data. The minimum rating is 33, maximum 87 and mean 68.8. The improvements that the energy assessor recommends in the energy performance certificate are followed then the average each property can improve by 9.75 points. The minimum improvement a property can make is zero; therefore the owner can not do anything further to increase the efficiency of the property. The maximum potential increase is 37 points. This is a large potential increase and could move the property up two grades on the A to G scale. A scatter plot of EPC rating vs Rental Price. There is no correlation between these to entities. Scatter showing the EPC rating vs Number of bedrooms. For each of two, three and four bedroom properties there is a wide range of EPC ratings, ranging from twenties through to eighties for each. As there is only a small sample of properties for one and five bedroom properties it doesnt range as much. Two bedroom properties appear to cluster more around the 70 to 80 EPC rating more so than any other. The majority of two bedroom properties in Belfast would be apartments. These would have been more recently build or refurbished than three and four bedroom terraced properties. Research from the Northern Ireland Housing Executive 2006 Housing Conditions Survey report would also confirm that the older housing stock is less energy efficient; From the graph below it is evident that the newer the construction of the property the more energy efficient it is. The most frequent grade for all properties in the sample was a C grade, the best performing properties where those with two bedrooms as they had most B and C graded properties. Three bedroom properties had the most E grades. However the sample size of 3 bedroom properties was much larger than that of four bedroom properties. From the opposite it is clear that four bedroom properties have a quantity of G rating properties, no other group in my sample have any G rated properties. EPC Rating depending on Heating Type: The following analysis shows the EPC rating for each of the three different heating types found from my sample data. The pie chart below shows the range of heating types. Gas central heating systems account for 56% and oil 43%. It is clear than Gas heating systems generally produce a better energy performance rating than that of oil fired central heating systems. 56.3% of gas fired central heating systems achieved a C rating in their EPC assessment. Whereas 46.3% of oil fired central heating systems achieved an E rating. Gas central heating systems also achieved many more B rated properties than oil. Economy 7 or electric heating systems are very poorly rated. However only 1 of the sample 155 properties did have this type of heating. My sample data did not contain data to show if the properties where double glazed, the year they where build or the type of insulation. All of these characterises effect the EPC rating also. As the Rdsap measures these elements to provide a rating. On an Energy performance inspection the Domestic energy assessor or DEA will assess: Internal and external measurements of the property. Details of heating and hot water systems. Loft insulation measured and the presence (or not) of cavity wall insulation assessed. Details of window glazing. Wall constructions which will also include the thicknesses of wall. Details of internal lighting, if the bulbs are energy efficient or normal. If certain elements of the property are not accessable the assessor can assume certain details. ie. If there is no access to the loft the DEA will assume insulation or not depending on other aspects of the property. Does the EPC rating effect the Property desirability? To assess desirability the sample property data contained the number of viewings each property had. It also contained how many days the property was on the market for. This was basically the day the property was advertised until the day the property was rented. A negative correlation between the number of viewings and the EPC rating of the property. The r squared value is 0.234, the closer this number is to one the better the data fits the model. When the correlation calculations are run in SPSS 17 the table above is produced. A peasrsons correlation of -.484 shows that there is a negative correlation. Therefore as the EPC rating increases the number of property viewings decrease. The EPC rating compared to the number of days a property is advertised on the market. The EPC rating of a property increases the number of days it is on the market will decrease. Therefore negative correlation exists between these two values. The r squared value of the regression line is 0.233, the closer this number is to one the more accurately the data will fit the model. Pearsons correlation is -.483, again proof that the two values are negatively correlated. Two bedroom properties EPC rating vs Days on Market and Number of Viewings. When only the two bedroom properties are analysed the results are similar to all bedroom properties. There is some negative correlations in both graphs. Three Bedroom Properties EPC rating vs Days on Market and Number of Viewings. Again when only three bedroom properties are analysed the results are still very similar. There is slight negative correlation between these values. The negative correlation between the number of viewings and EPC ratings would suggest that the higher EPC rating the less people want to see / view the property. The negative correlation between EPC rating and days on the market would suggest that as the EPC rating increases the less time the property is advertised. Some would believe that the viewings should increases as the more demand for an energy efficient property the more potential tenants would want to view it. However, this is not the case. As a property increases in demand then tenants are much quicker to pay their deposit on the property to secure it, before someone else. Therefore it usually the case that on the most demanded houses there are significantly less viewings than less popular houses. When a tenant pays their deposit on a property the property is removed from the market and no further viewings take place. This would suggest that the higher the properties Energy performance rating the higher the demand for that property. This appears to be the case for all types of property, regardless of number of bedrooms or heating type. Rental Price relating to EPC rating: The study so far has proved that the higher the EPC rating the more demand for the property, as it is rented quicker than properties with lesser energy performance ratings. The following analysis will determine if there is any correlation between rental price and EPC rating. It is well documented that location is the most influential variable in the rental or sale price of any property. Therefore the analysis of the property data will be separated by relevant postcode to help minimise location variations. The price of a property is also determined by the number of bedrooms by which it contains. This will also be take account of. There is definitely a positive correlation between rental price and EPC rating in the two bedroom properties, however the correlation in the three bedroom properties is much less. The R squared value is 0.256 for two bedroom properties and 0.0240 for three bedroom properties which is extremely weak. The previous analysis focuses on the number of bedrooms each property has, however location is also a relevant factor in the rental price. Therefore the further filtered to allow for this. The largest sample areas are BT10, BT12, BT6 and BT9. Therefore I will focus the analysis on these postcode areas. These four postcode areas account for 58% of all the data collected. There is slight positive correlation, however it is weak as both r squared values are 0.202 and 0.298. Which means that only 20% and 29% of the time would having a higher EPC rating result in a better rental price being agreed. However the property data when filtered to BT9 properties with two and three bedrooms only provided a small selection of properties to evaluate. Slight positive correlation, however it is very weak. There are only a very small sample number of properties once the data has been filtered to BT10 properties with three bedrooms. Therefore any correlation drawn from this small population may be incorrect. Chapter Five: Structured Interviews: This chapter highlights the interviews that where carried out in order to assist with further data analysis. The views and opinions of the key players in the energy efficiency field, especially in the residential sector of the Belfast Market. Interview with a Rental Management Agent based in Belfast: When renting a property, do you show the Energy performance certificate to the potential tenant? If so when do you show them and do you feel it is a good selling point? The EPC is usually displayed in the marketing brochure and also on our website. When the tenant looks through the brochure they sometimes comment on the rating but it isnt usually a big issue. What are the most important aspects of a property to a standard tenant? The most important aspect is usually the location, closely followed by number of bedrooms and condition. More often tenants are now desiring gas fired central heating over all other methods. Double glazed windows are usually a must also. Then things like a garden, garage and if the rooms are double or single bedroom. Have you ever been asked by a potential tenant for an EPC for a property that you have marketed? No, I dont really think tenants take much notice of the EPC, they only people I feel are interested is the DFPNI, they have visited the office a few times enquiring to see how many of our properties have epc. They also done a random spot check, we had to tell the dfpni if the property has a valid epc and if so provide them with then epc serial number. Since the introduction of EPCs, what percentage of the properties rented in your firm do you feel have had an EPC? I wouldnt be sure of an exact percentage, however maybe 50% of rented properties have now got EPC. Some landlords are happy not to get an epc done, when we tell the landlord they could get a fine they are happy to risk it. Some dont see the value in getting an EPC as they arent living in the house and it doesnt matter to them how energy efficient it is. Do you feel that tenants take any notice of EPCs, do they use the rating to make a decision on the property? Tenants dont really look at the EPC, at most they look at the small graph which highlights the rating. I have never had a tenant as to see the whole epc report which highlights the things they can do to make the property more energy efficient. Has there ever been an occasion when you have lost a potential rental as the EPC rating has been poor? No, as I said, tenants dont really take much notice of the EPC rating. They are more interested with the location, rental price and number of bedrooms. How responsive do you think landlords have been to EPCs? Not very responsive, we as the agent usually ask them to provide us with a certificate, most landlords say they will get one but never do. We have had some success by providing EPCs for the landlord; we have sourced a couple of domestic energy assessors who provide us with a preferential rate. How often does a property have a valid EPC when a landlord asks you to market it? Unless we are remarketing a property that we rented last year the chances are they probably wont have a valid certificate. Most new landlords are still unaware of what an EPC actually is. If or when you provide a new landlord with an EPC do they use it to help improve the efficiency? I have never seen a landlord follow any of the advice to better the efficiency of the property. At the moment most landlords are trying to save every penny they can, EPC are unfortunately a necessary expense as it has become law to have one, however still to many landlords are happy not to get one. Until the law changes to require the estate agent to have an EPC before marketing then most properties still wont have a certificate. If a landlord is required to replace something in his property then they may look for a more energy efficient boiler or washing machine. I have actually had tenants complain before as the landlord replaced broken bulbs with energy efficient ones which take too long to heat up. Have any of the landlords that you represent as an agent been fined for not having an energy performance certificate. To my knowledge none of them have had a fine yet, the DFPNI have only checked in our office once and it was only a spot check. Some of those properties didnt have an EPC. However these landlords didnt get fined but received a letter highlighting the fact that they where required to get one. Interview with a letting agent in the Belfast area: When renting a property, do you show the Energy performance certificate to the potential tenant? If so when do you show them and do you feel it is a good selling point? No. What are the most important aspects of a property to a standard tenant? Condition, furnishing, bedrooms. Have you ever been asked by a potential tenant for an EPC for a property that you have marketed? No. Since the introduction of EPCs, what percentage of the properties rented in your firm do you feel have had an EPC? We done them so all we made sure. Do you feel that tenants take any notice of EPCs, do they use the rating to make a decision on the property? Not yet probably in few years Id imagine. Has there ever been an occasion when you have lost a potential rental as the EPC rating has been poor? Nope. How responsive do you think landlords have been to EPCs? With us good because we told them had to have it, we can do it etc. How often does a property have a valid EPC when a landlord asks you to market it? Very few. If or when you provide a new landlord with an EPC do they use it to help improve the efficiency? Dont think so. Have any of the landlords that you represent as an agent been fined for not having an energy performance certificate? No. Interview with Domestic Energy Assessor based in Belfast: How long have you been a qualified DEA? Since December 2008. Approximately how many EPC have you completed? pTo date I have probably done close to 600, most of these have been in Belfast and surrounding towns. I have done everything from 1bedroom Bedsits to 6 bedroom mansions on the Malone Road. Have you noticed any trends with EPCs? Not as such, I generally measure the properties and record all the usual data such as insulation, windows, wall construction, boiler type ect. I then input this info into the computer system and it then provides the rating, it also lists all the recommendations. I can edit these recommendations if I feel some of them are not suitable. Where does the majority of your work come from? I work closely with a number of estate agents and solicitors in Belfast. I get most of my instructions from these. I have done a handful of certificates for private individuals who are generally just interested to find out more about their home. Do you feel many home owners take the advice the EPC offers? The certificates that I provide for home owners is usually used to better the efficiency of their property, they would phone me up to ask for advice on certain issues also. When I provide a certificate for a landlord it is usually just to stay on the right side of the law, the letting agent would sometimes put the EPC rating onto the property brochure and internet. Do you feel the introduction of EPCs have helped reduce the co2 emissions from the built environment? Im not really sure; I dont think enough people really take much notice of the epc rating yet. Hopefully in later years it will become more important. I do think generally the whole country is becoming more energy efficient but Im not sure how much of an impact EPCs have had on this. Interview with Landlord Mr Samuel Patterson: How many properties do you own in Belfast? I currently own four properties in the Belfast area. I own two apartments and two four bedroom terrace houses in south Belfast. Are you aware of the term Energy Performance Certificate? Yes, my letting agent provided me with a lot of information about them. They sound like a good idea however Im not sure how much notice a tenant would take of the EPC rating. How many of your properties have an EPC? Currently both my apartments have an EPC, I only purchased these 7 months ago, and therefore the person I purchased the property from had to provide one. I didnt see the EPC before I bought the property; the solicitor took care of it. I know they both are grade C. Why do the other properties not have an EPC? I have owned the other properties for 7 years now, I have had both rented out since 2006 to long term tenants. However, I have just been given notice from one of these properties and therefore I will have to get an EPC done before I advertise this for rent again. My letting agent has advised that an EPC should cost me 65, they are going to provide this for me. Have you followed any of the advice in the EPC report? I havent seen the EPC reports for either of my apartments. I wont be spending any unnecessary money on any of my properties. I usually furnish and decorate to a good standard. I would not have the money available to install insulation, new boilers or anything like that. Findings from Interviews: From the interview with two local Belfast letting agents, a domestic energy assessor and a landlord the response seems to be that: Tenants: Tenants dont use the EPC rating to help make a decision on the property. Tenants base decisions on the rental price, location, condition and number of bedrooms. Agents have never experienced a tenant not taking a property because of a poor EPC rating. Tenants do not look at the EPC report and see what if anything they can do to make their new home more energy efficient. Landlords: Dont want to spend money making their properties more energy efficient due to the current economic climate. Some landlords are happy not to pay for an EPC and risk getting fined by the DFPNI. Estate agents are driving the demand to get an EPC provided for their properties. When a certificate is produced it isnt used by the landlord. Agents: Are persuading landlords to get an EPC, even although the law requires landlords to have a valid energy performance certificate, it is not the agents responsibility. Are displaying the EPC rating on brochures and on the website. Are working closely with domestic energy assessors to provide certificates at the best price possible. Feel that higher rated EPCs may be slightly more popular because they are usually the properties that are more recent, with better use of space and design, they contain more recent and energy efficient boilers and technology. Bibliography: The walls were so damp and cold fuel poverty and ill health in Northern Ireland: Results from a housing intervention Health Place, Volume 13, Issue 1, March 2007, Pages 99-110 Niamh Shortt, Jorun RugkÃÆ' ¥sa. A missed opportunity: The Stern Review on climate change fails to tackle the issue of non-substitutable loss of natural capital Global Environmental Change, Volume 17, Issues 3-4, August-October 2007, Pages 297-301 Eric Neumayer. I. Byatt, I. Castles, I.D. Goklany, D. Henderson, N. Lawson, R. McKitrick, J. Morris, A. Peacock, C. Robinson and R. Skidelsky, The previous termStern Reviewnext term: a dual critiqueà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ economic aspects, World Economics 7 (4) (2006), pp. 199-229.Byatt et al., 2006. Building Energy Analysis (BEA): A methodology to assess building energy labelling. Energy and Buildings, Volume 39, Issue 6, June 2007, Pages 709-716 F.J. Rey, E. Velasco, F. Varela. Hinrichs.R and Kleinbach.M, 2002. ENERGY Its Use and the Environment. 3rd ed. Edition. London: Thomson. Page 1-3. Research Design- Qualitative, Quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. 2nd Edition- John W. Creswell 2003. Walliman, N (2006) Your Research Project, 2nd edition. Cresswell, J.W (1994) Research Design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 2nd ed. Naoum, S.G (2007) Dissertation research and writing for research students.

The Civil Rights Of The United States - 2011 Words

When the framers decided to create the Constitution, it was meant to be made for the people by the people. The difficult part about it was, as time went by, people were given more rights and were unjustly discriminated because of the past. This has happened in many cases throughout our countries history. Civil rights are a big part of our society and the past shows many ways that the civil rights of the citizens were taken from. In Unit 2 of the course, we learned three different ways the government can discriminate the people of the United States and the meticulous process it takes the government to discriminate. The different ways to discriminate are separated into three different classifications which are, Suspect classification, Quasi-Suspect classification, and Nonsuspect classification. Even though everyone has civil rights the government can sometimes discriminates to ensure the safety of the society. Which rarely happens. Discrimination is a big part of our government and wel l never be solved, but there are many reasons behind the most complicated subject in our society. Starting off with the first discriminatory classification, The Suspect Classification, helps represents a large portion of our population. In this classification the people getting discriminated are based on race, national origin, religion, and alienage. With the race discriminatory factor, it is when â€Å"someone is treated unfavorably because he/she is of a certain race or because of personalShow MoreRelatedThe Civil Rights Of The United States Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe United states has been called the, â€Å"Land of The Free† since its independence was won from Great Britain, however, until 1965 â€Å"Free† only applied to a select demographic, white, land owning males. The most largely discriminated demographic before 1996 and somewhat even so today is the African American population. In 1619 the first African American slaves were introduced into the colony of Jamestown, Virginia 1. Then after many years and revolts, in 1831 slavery was finally abolishe d and all freedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States951 Words   |  4 PagesCivil rights have been a big issue throughout American history. From the time America was formed, groups have been discriminated against due to their ethnicity, religion, and race. Slaves were not considered American so they did not have rights. They did not become American citizens until the Fourteenth Amendment was passed in 1868. Still, African Americans still did not have as many rights as other groups. Almost a century after the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted, African Americans were stillRead MoreCivil Rights in the United States1282 Words   |  6 PagesPieces of the People’s Puzzle In total there are fifteen laws that count towards the topic of civil rights in the United States, alone. Kenji Yoshino, author of â€Å"The New Civil Rights† says that in order for us to turn our current beliefs into a set of ‘new’ civil rights, law must play a role. Obvious enough, law alone cannot bring about a new set of civil rights. There are more than enough pieces that could make up this puzzle. For instance, media plays a huge role in this situation. The mediaRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States902 Words   |  4 PagesJury duty is a constitutional and fundamental right guaranteed to American citizens. Jury service is a way for citizens to directly participate in the judicial system. Jury duty and jury trials have been around for so long that people take it for granted. The jury was one of the factors that caused the American Revolution because the English common law system did not allow alleged criminals to have the sixth amendment rights that the United States has today. In fact, The Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States2348 Words   |  10 Pagessegregated. African Americans insisted on receiving their rights. In this essay, I will be analyzing all the main factors, and explaining why I think that the Supreme Court was responsible for the improving status of black people in the United States in the years 1945-1965. The Federal Government plays a role in improving the status of African Americans. Truman was the initial president since Abraham Lincoln to attend to the civil rights issue who affected African Americans. As a young man, TrumanRead MoreThe United States Civil Rights3535 Words   |  15 Pages When citizens of society break federal and state laws they face a punishment known as â€Å" jail† or â€Å" prison†, which purpose is to not only to serve as a punishment but to also act as a program designed to help convicts enter back in to the society as a better person. As citizens of the United States we have civil rights granted to us from the U.S. Constitution that are not meant to just be taken away from us whenever the correctional system feels like it. Many people believe that once a person isRead MoreThe Civil Rights Of The United States891 Words   |  4 Pagesspeaker for the Salazar Vs. Buono case was lead justice, John Roberts. He was born in Buffalo, New York as a religious catholic that took interest in law. Roberts was a graduated from Harva rd Law School who went on to became the Chief Justice of the United States in 2005. However, In 2003 John Roberts was the lead justice of the Supreme court who read the final decision for the Salazar Vs. Buono case. The final decision ruled in favor of Salazar stating that the cross did no longer violate the First AmendmentRead MoreThe Civil Rights Era Of The United States1141 Words   |  5 Pagesis mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man.† (Gandhi). The Civil Rights era was filled with a slew of various protests attempting to bring equality to the African American race in the United States. During this period in history, African American people of all social classes and places across the country were racially oppressed and were denied basic rights that were available to their Caucasian counterparts. People began to protest this oppression and decidedRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1668 Words   |  7 PagesTh e civil rights movement in the USA in the 1950’s and 1960’s.can be termed as a democratic movement. The basic reason behind this was the discrimination of the African-Americans that were enslaved and did not have citizen rights. The African-Americans protested greatly against their injustice. The birth of the civil rights movement was before the 1954 Supreme Court’s decision on Brown versus Board of Education (Topeka) which stated that separate but equal schools was against the Constitution. FromRead MoreThe Civil Rights Movement Of The United States1157 Words   |  5 PagesAnd by virtue of the power and for the purpose of the aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States and parts of States are and henceforward shall be free; and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.† (CITE TEXT) I t took just over 100 years for African-Americans to achieve the dream that Abraham Lincoln envisioned nearly a century

Improving The Medication Adherence On Health Behaviors...

Patient portals are slowly reaching the diverse set of population in the Unites States of America. Although, the use of technology in healthcare systems is gaining more importance than before due to ‘meaningful use’ approach, but is it contributing towards healthcare disparities? Inverse care law postulates that new healthcare interventions disproportionately benefit those patients with the most resources [1]. But does every individual irrespective of their race/ethnicity or socioeconomic status receive the same benefits? Do patient portals help in improving the medication adherence in reality? There are several studies which have confirmed that using patient portals, patients can access to care and measure their outcomes. However, this†¦show more content†¦Statins were used as a medication class on which the refill function was studied. The evidence was in the form of percentage of time without statins. The data were interpreted using statistical tools for analysis and interpretation. It was observed through the analysis that 12.9% was the average percentage of time without the supply of statins. Whites had the lowest percentage time without statins when compared to other groups. In the reference group, there was no major difference in adherence that was observed, but occasional users showed decrease in the percentage time and exclusive showed a significant decrease. The statistical tools, namely chi square, t test and least square regression models were used. The results were presented as graphical and as tabular format. The percentage of time without statins was the technique used to meet all the hypothesis questions raised in the study. The hypothesis question raised in the study was answered adequately. It was confirmed through the study that online use of patient portals for refilling can contribute significantly to patient adherence across different ethnic/racial group. While many studies have talked about the use of patient portals helped in improving patient care, this study was first of its kind to demonstrate that patient portals have actually improved medication adherence. Whites improved adherence to medication by using an online refill function in patient portal

Physioex Exercise 7 Essay - 1359 Words

EXERCISE 7: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM MECHANICS ACTIVITY 1: Measuring Respiratory Volumes and Calculating Capacities | Answers | 1. Which of the following processes does not occur during inspiration? a. The diaphragm moves to a flattened position. b. Gas pressure inside the lungs is lowered. c. Inspiratory muscles relax. d. The size of the thoracic cavity increases. | C-Inspiratory muscles relax. | 1. During normal quiet breathing, about ______ ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. a. 300 b. 500 c. 1000 d. 1500 | B-500 | 1. True or False: At the beginning of expiration, the air pressure of the atmosphere decreases so that air can flow from the lungs outward. | TRUE |†¦show more content†¦| ACTIVITY 2: Comparative Spirometry | 1. Which of these volumes or capacities of the lungs changed the most in the patient with emphysema? a. TV b. IRV c. FVC d. FEV1 | D-FEV1 | 1. In the patient having an acute asthma attack, the FEV1% decreased to _____ %. | 40% | 1. Which of these volumes or capacities changed the most in the person doing the heavy aerobic exercise? a. TV b. ERV c. FVC d. TLC | A-TV | 1. What happened to the RV for both the emphysema patient and the asthma patient (before inhaled medication)? a. It decreased for both patients. b. It increased for the emphysema patient and decreased for the asthma patient. c. It remained unchanged for both patients. d. It increased for both patients. | D-It increased for both patients | 1. What lung values changed (from those of the normal patient) in the spirogram when the patient with emphysema was selected? Why did these values change as they did? | The values that change for the patient with emphysema are ERV, IRV, RV, FVC, FEV1 and the FEV1 (%). These changes are due to the loss of elastic recoil in the lung tissue and a noticeable, exhausting muscular effort is required for expiration. Inspiration becomes easier because the lungs are more compliant. | 1. Which of these two values changed more for the patient with emphysema, the FVC or the FEV1? | FVC changed by 1750ml and FEV1 changedShow MoreRelatedPhysioex 8 Exercise 7991 Words   |  4 PagesIf there was nothing separating the left lung from the right lung, what would have happened when you opened the valve for the left lung? They would collapse. Why? Because the thoracic wall was punctured and the lungs would be in a single cavity. 7. Now click the valve for the left lung again, closing it. What happens? The lungs did not re-inflate. Why? Because there is still excess air. What would you need to do to make the left lung function properly again? The excess air in the intrapleuralRead MorePhysioex 9.0 Exercise 7 Pre and Post Quizzes Activity 2 Essay1278 Words   |  6 PagesExercise 7: Respiratory System Mechanics: Activity 2: Comparative Spirometry Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly. 1. A normal resting tidal volume is expected to be around You correctly answered: d. 500 ml. 2. Which respiratory process is impaired the most by emphysema? You correctly answered: c. expiration 3. During an asthma attack You correctly answered: b. inspiration and expiration are impaired. 4. During moderate aerobic exercise, whichRead MoreExercise 2 Skeletal Muscle1366 Words   |  6 PagesName______________________ Lab Section ________________ Microscopic Anatomy and Organization of Skeletal Muscle and Muscle Physiology Lab 9 Skeleton Muscle Physiology: Computer Simulation Exercise 16B - Page PEx-23 Activity Sheet Objectives: †¢ Use a simulation of skeletal muscle experiments to investigate threshold stimulus, maximal stimulus, multiple motor unit summation, wave summation and tetanus and the graded contractionRead MoreExercise 8 Physioex 8.0870 Words   |  4 PagesAnatomy Physiology Version 8.0 Physioex Exercise 8 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF DIGESTION - ANSWERS Please note: I do not include the charts as you still have to do the experiments and print the data and graphs. Activity 1 What do tubes 2, 6, and 7 reveal about pH and amylase activity? Hint: What variable was changed in the procedure? a. maximum of amylase is at pH 7.0 (tubes 2 5, brownish red) and pH 9.0 showed little activity (tubes 6 7, green) Which pH buffer allowedRead MorePhysioEx 9 Ex. 11 review sheet1186 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿physioex 9.0 Review Sheet Exercise 4 Endocrine System Physiology Name: Kelly E. Fischer Lab Time/Date: 7:00 PM/Wednesday Activity 1 Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Part 1 1 Which rat had the fastest basal metabolic rate (BMR)? The normal rat had the faster basal metabolic rate, because it was not missing its pituitary gland or its thyroid gland. 2 Why did the metabolic rates differ between the normal rat and the surgically altered rats? How well did the results compare with your predictionRead MorePhysio 9.0 Endocrine Lab Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesphysioex 9.0 Review Sheet Exercise 4 Endocrine System Physiology Name Laura Bauer Lab Time/Date Thursday 5:30-7:30 Activity 1 Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone Part 1 1 Which rat had the fastest basal metabolic rate (BMR)? The Normal rat had the fastest BMR. 2 Why did the metabolic rates differ between the normal rat and the surgically altered rats? How well did the results compare with your prediction? ___ The BMRs differed because the surgically altered rats were missingRead MoreCell Transport Mechanisms8945 Words   |  36 Pagesthe plasma membrane and cytoplasm expand and flow around a relatively large or solid material and engulf it. 5. Circle the correct term. In active / passive processes, the cell provides energy in the form of ATP to power the transport process. Exercise Overview The molecular composition of the plasma membrane allows it to be selective about what passes through it. It allows nutrients and appropriate amounts of ions to enter the cell and keeps out undesirable substances. For that reason, we sayRead MoreExercise 7 Respiratory System Mechanics5812 Words   |  24 PagesEXERCISE 7 Respiratory System Mechanics O B J E C T I V E S 1. To explain how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together to enable gas exchange among the lungs, blood, and body tissues 2. To define respiration, ventilation, alveoli, diaphragm, inspiration, expiration, and partial pressure 3. To explain the differences between tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, residual volume, total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratoryRead MoreExercise 5 Cardiovascular Dynamics5750 Words   |  23 PagesEXERCISE 5 Cardiovascular Dynamics O B J E C T I V E S 1. To understand the relationships among blood flow, pressure gradient, and resistance 2. To define resistance and describe the main factors affecting resistance 3. To describe Poiseuille’s equation and how it relates to cardiovascular dynamics 4. To define diastole, systole, end systolic volume, end diastolic volume, stroke volume, isovolumetric contraction, and ventricular ejection 5. To describe Starling’s Law and its application to cardiovascularRead MoreNotes On Nerve Impulses2109 Words   |  9 PagesPHYSIOEX 9.0 REVIEW SHEET EXERCISE 3 Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses NAME : _HIMA BHARATHA ________ LAB TIME/DATE: WEDNESDAY A.M. LAB______ ACTIVITY 1 The Resting Membrane Potential 1. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ reduces the net diffusion of K+ out of the neuron through the K+ leak channels. ___The concentration of extracellular K+ ions would be high and this would prevent more K+ ions from diffusing out of the cell. 2. Explain why increasing extracellular K+ causes the membrane potential

Still Got Legs by Chameleon Circuit free essay sample

Few artists can claim to have created a new genre of music, but Chameleon Circuit, who coined the term trock (time lord rock) and created a new niche in the world of pop-culture-themed music, has done just that. The British band makes music about the long-running cult sci-fi series â€Å"Doctor Who† that chronicles the adventures of the time-traveling alien Time Lord known as the Doctor. The bands self-titled first CD was full of fantastic tunes, so their new album, â€Å"Still Got Legs,† has a tough act to follow. While the first album leapt merrily around the series almost 50-year-long past, â€Å"Still Got Legs† focuses mainly on the most recent run of the series, which features Matt Smith in the title role, his new friends Amy Pond and Rory Williams, and the enigmatic River Song. In addition, a few songs focus on the epic swan song of Smiths predecessor, David Tennant. We will write a custom essay sample on Still Got Legs by Chameleon Circuit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Though the songs are about â€Å"Doctor Who,† they can be enjoyed by anyone, even if they havent seen a single episode. In fact, I was introduced to the band by a friend who couldnt stand the show. The CD comes in a clever case, showing the images on the door of the time machine TARDIS altered to include the names of the album and tracks. It comes with a poster of the band members and the song lyrics on the back. The fine packaging is a nice touch, but the best part is the music itself. While the first album was made up of catchy history lessons from the shows original run and clever episode summaries, â€Å"Still Got Legs† often turns scenes into songs. The Masters surprisingly touching â€Å"death† scene becomes the sinister yet sad â€Å"The Sound of Drums.† The Doctors words to a sleeping Amy before he is temporarily wiped from existence become the understated â€Å"Silence and the End of All Things.† Rorys confrontation with the Doctor becomes â€Å"Mr. Pond,† and an important episode ending is lyrically recreated with â€Å"Everything Is Ending.† Oddly enough, its easy to imagine the characters singing these tunes since they capture the essence of the scenes so well. The entire album runs together with themes transitioning from one song to the next, similar to the plot arcs that have been an integral part of the series. The album opens with a brief instrumental piece titled â€Å"The Subwave Signal,† then transitions into â€Å"Regenerate Me,† sung over a synthesized version of the theme song. In fact, various pieces of the â€Å"Doctor Who† score appear throughout the album, including a rocked-up version of the eleventh doctors theme, titled â€Å"Eleven.† â€Å"Regenerate Me† is one of several tracks that introduce the shows hero, along with the folksy â€Å"Traveling Man† and â€Å"Teenage Rebel,† a rock n roll anthem befitting Smith. Episode summaries are also included. â€Å"Big Bang Two† follows the proud tradition of taking puzzling episodes and transforming them into even more confusing songs. Meanwhile, â€Å"Kiss the Girl† tells the plot of â€Å"The Lodger† from the point of view of guest character Craig, and features a chorus youll want to sing along to. While most of the songs from the first album were upbeat and cheery, many on â€Å"Still Got Legs† take a darker turn. David Tennants final story line, â€Å"The End of Time,† is suitably covered, beginning with the haunting track â€Å"Nightmares,† the brief-but-memorable â€Å"Knock Four Times,† and musically exploding with â€Å"The Doctor Is Dying.† The song flawlessly captures the episodes epic feel. This album proves that just like the Doctor, Chameleon Circuit has still got legs.

Forensics Report

Question: Write a Forensics report on the spoofed email case of XYZ Corporation's, a software firm providing web services and solutions. Answer: Introduction The report is a Forensics report on the spoofed e-mail case of XYZ Corporations, a software firm providing web services and solutions. XYZ Corporations were a victim of E-mail spoofing and had to pay a huge toll on its reputation in the market and the reliability in the eyes of its customers. The company has its primary domain as Finance and also deals in commercial and healthcare domains. With the name of XYZ Corporations, hoax e-mails were sent to hundreds of its clients demanding for money in the name of shares and profits. Some of the clients were trapped in trick of the attackers and sent their hard earned money in fraudulent hands. Digital Forensics Digital Forensics is the branch of science that works in the area of electronic crimes by keeping the base as the digital evidences such as PCs, laptops, mobile devices, tablets and likewise ("Digital Evidence and Forensics | National Institute of Justice", 2016). With the increase in the electronic crimes, the law enforcement agencies are incorporating the use of digital forensics and evidences in their infrastructure to minimize such happenings. Analysis Questions Asked Relevant to the Case As the Digital Forensics Examiner, the following sets of questions were asked from the team of XYZ Corporations to understand the case in a better way. What is the e-mail address that was used for spoofing? Was there any involvement of the internal network of the company in sending or replying to the mails? Which employees have the admin rights in the company? What are the different administrators and their privileges? What are the user privileges and user types in every department? What was demanded from the clients in the spoofed e-mail? Was there a particular group of clients who were targeted? ("Example of An Expert Witness Digital forensics Report", 2016) Why was the e-mail address spoofed? The email address was spoofed from the internal network of the company that is XYZ Corporations. Hence, the reason behind the same was malicious insider attack. An employee from the company gained unauthenticated privileges and impersonated using a false e-mail ID to trick the clients and acquire money from them. A handsome amount was demanded from each and every client by tempting them to invest an initial sum and gain a good share of the companys assets and profits (The Huffington Post, 2015). How was the e-mail address spoofed?Spoofing of email address is not a complicated task. The basic requirements of spoofing an e-mail address are an SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) server and applicable e-mail software. The website hosting service of XYZ Corporations provides an SMTP server in the hosting package itself. The port that is utilized by SMTP is 25 and most of the ISPs block the same. An attacker made use of an SMTP server to show a different from address than the actual registered address of the company. However, to the clients, it looked like it actually came from the specified address. When an SMTP email is sent, the initial connection provides two pieces of address information: MAIL FROM: It is usually present as the return path to the receiver. It is the header which is normally visible to the end user. By default, there are no validations or checks that are installed to verify that the sending system is authorized and authenticated to send across such information. RCPT TO: This is the recipient address that is the address of the designated delivery. It may or may not be visible to the end user and is present in the header section. Every time an attacker sent an email message, the receiving server of the clients compared the IP of the origin for the message and the one that was listed in the SPF record for the host that is the @xyz.com part (Lifehacker.com, 2016). The attacker made sure that the two IP addresses match each other and could pass through as a success for the recipient. However, if the IP addresses would not have matched, the same mail would have been sent to the spam or would have been rejected. It was the receiving server that did not have the mechanism to protect it from the e-mail spoofing. Original Address v/s Spoofed Address A comparison was made between the original e-mail address of XYZ Corporations and the e-mail address that was used for spoofing. The attacker made sure that the IP addresses of the two matched at the site of the recipient and made very minor changes in the address name which would normally go unnoticed ("Example of An Expert Witness Digital forensics Report", 2016). Findings Search and Seizer and Transport of Evidence A warrant was issued for the search and seizer of the devices and the network that was utilized for sending and receiving the mails. The devices under suspicion were to be analyzed to have stronger evidences. The materials that were acquired from XYZ Corporations were carefully packages and a chain of custody was efficiently established; so to ensure the integrity of the evidence. List of Criminal Offence Cyber crimes refer to the crimes that make use of computer system as a primary means of commission ("What is cybercrime? - Definition from WhatIs.com", 2016). There has been a serious loss to the information of XYZ Corporations along with tarnishing of the image of the company in the eyes of customer. The information that has been exposed in an unauthenticated and unauthorized manner is as listed below. Sensitive: It consists of the pieces of information that are critical to the organization and demand a supremely high degree of protection. For instance, the information associated with the client details of XYZ Corporations that was acquired comes under this category (University, 2016). Confidential: This one is the classification of information that consists of those pieces that are of high importance to a particular organization along with its associated parties such as business partners, end users, stakeholders and likewise. Private: These are the information that is personal for an employee such as his or her details and the exposure of the same may result in loss of privacy. Public: The information that is fit to be shared with the public falls under this category ("Information Security - Province of British Columbia", 2016). Security Measures for XYZ Corporations Turn up the spam filters, and use of tools like Priority Inbox. It is necessary to set the span filters in a little stronger manner to protect and prevent from such attacks. It would help in landing of the spam email in the spam box rather than the inbox on the basis of the SPF checks. Priority inbox sets the priority for the frequent senders and thus allows them an edge above the others. If any of these contacts is spoofed, then it would be easier to detect the attack. Learn to read message headers, and trace IP addresses. It is a good skill to possess if the user knows the details of how to track the source of a spam. In case of an attack, the user would be able to open up the header and match the one from the original sender and the one that has been spoofed. The comparison between the two would provide clear results and no scope would be left for an attack to take place. Never click unfamiliar links or download unfamiliar attachments. It is commonly seen that the users click on the links that just by a glance look fishy and unreliable. The attachments and links from unfamiliar sources should be completely avoided looking at the increased occurrence of events such as spoofing and phishing. Audit the e-mail to see how it responds to SPF and DMARC records. It is advisable to check the junk e-mail folders and request the web hosts on the change in the configuration of SMTP server. If there is a self domain, file DMARC records for it. DMARC records should be filed for every single domain name to prevent the attackers from attacking it with spoofed e-mails and unwanted attachments to trick people. Conclusions XYZ Corporations is software firm that deals with proving finance related services and solutions. It had become a victim of e-mail spoofing and the same was done with the use of an internal network by a malicious insider. The report has analyzed all the aspects of the case and the process begun with questioning from the employees and performing a root cause analysis as to how and why the attack was done. The findings include the device details and the network details that were used during the attack and the list of offences have also been reported. E-mail spoofing is not rocket science and can easily be done and executed. All it required is a SMTP server and appropriate software. It is recommended to make use of measures such as stronger SPF and DMARC records, frequent checks and not relying on the unfamiliar links to prevent such attacks from taking place. References (2016). Forensic Focus. Retrieved 20 May 2016. adfmedia.org,. (2016). Retrieved 20 May 2016. arxiv.org,. (2016). Retrieved 20 May 2016. Cybercrime / Cybercrime / Crime areas / Internet / Home - INTERPOL. (2016). Interpol.int. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Digital Evidence and Forensics | National Institute of Justice. (2016). National Institute of Justice. R. Example of An Expert Witness Digital forensics Report. (2016). Academia.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Information Security - Province of British Columbia. (2016). Cio.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Lifehacker.com,. (2016). Lifehacker.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Shinder, D. (2004). Understanding E-mail Spoofing. WindowSecurity.com. Retrieved 20 May 2016. The Huffington Post,. (2015). The Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2016. University, C. (2016). Guidelines for Data Classification-Computing Services ISO - Carnegie Mellon University. Cmu.edu. Retrieved 20 May 2016.