How the Grinch stole Christmas Poem Essay

How the Grinch stole Christmas is a known and important song in the literary canon. This poem simply dialog about how the Grinch plans to ruin Christmas for the Whos in Who Ville, which then backfires and leads to self-realization for the Grinch. I fixed to use the psychoanalytical theory to demonstrate the persona of the Grinch, and to unravel the come-at-able reasons for his drive towards belligerence and destruction. To commence, it is obvious the Grinch has no interactions with the masses of Who Ville, which explains his alienation. His noticeable struggle amongst the other Whos was a result to his lack of conformity. His plan to ruin Christmas for the Whos was perhaps an indication of an unconscious propensity for his own downfall.Watching the Whos surrounded with rejoicing brings about the Grinchs decision to inject some trouble into the celebration. He anticipated his own feelings of displeasure and misery onto the Whos when he predicted that they would all let loos e boo, who upon discovering that they would not be celebrating Christmas. The Grinchs tendency toward cynicism, hostility, and aggression demonstrates his desire for destruction. His desire for destruction stems from the fact that he feels isolated. Thus, he tends to destroy the joy of the people in Who Ville, with the tendency of making them reach the same level of economic crisis and misery he is in.The Grinch wanted the Whos merry-making to come to an end, despite their needs and wants. This poem presented psychological theories in the Grinch. The Grinchs thoughts and actions in this poem is a verification of this work being under the psychoanalytic theory. I learned from this poem by analyzing the character is that people with a sensitive sense of fond isolation, appear to have a decreased response to things that make most(prenominal) people happy, and have a keen urge towards human conflict, utilisation and conspiracies.

Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease in New Zealand

cardiovascular sickness (CVD) and diabetes be major wellness issues for Maori, peaceful and south Asiatic people. The impacts of these diseases are change magnitude hospital admissions and readmissions hence change magnitude with an aging creation. (Kaitiaki Nursing, forward-looking Zealand, 2013, pg. 20). Diabetes mellitus has been well pronounced as a cardiovascular take a chance agent in radical Zealand and people with diabetes are 2-4 times much plausibly to suffer from CVD hence is a leading cause of death in diabetic longanimouss (ministry of health, 2011, pg. 2).Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a preventable and reversible figure giving rise to a range of serious complications associated with nerve and assembly line vessel damage that bring on blindness, limb amputations, kidney disease, and amplifyd venture of infection (Powers, 2005). check to Diabetes new-fangled Zealand (2008), people with diabetes increases the attempt of exposure of developing narrowe d, thicken or completely occluded arteries (atherosclerosis) payable to an elevated blood plunder level. Insulin resistant diabetes (type 2) or a complete absence of insulin (type 1) increases serum lipoid levels as cells try to break down fats and protein to form energy.Lipids are released as the bio-product which then travels in blood increasing the risk for occlusion in blood vessels. Hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance and altered serum lipid levels are trusty for formation of coronary plaque and blood clot in vessels. This leads to health issues such as ischaemic heart disease, stroke, hypertension myocardial infarct etc. (Lewis, 2012, 1388-1389). In New Zealand Maori, peace-loving Islanders and in the south Asians are at a higher risk of developing diabetes, increasing chances of dying of cardiovascular diseases.Modifiable factors such as nutrition, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol consumption and form size influence the risk of expireting affected by diabetes and CVD. jibe to Ministry of Health (2008) diabetes occurs earlier in Pacific and Maori peoples, slightly 10 days before Europeans which contri howeveres to an increased risk of chronic health conditions and mortality rate. It is appraised that due to demographic trends and projected growth in obesity, the number of diabetes cases will increase and the increase will be greater within the Maori, Pacific, and south Asian populations (Ministry of Health, 2008d). 5% of adults in New Zealand meet the criteria for obesity due to modus vivendi, tumescent nutrition and increased physical inactivity (eg. 42% of Maori and 63. 7% of Pacific peoples meet the criteria for obesity). The New Zealand Medical Journal, 2006 states that Asian new Zealanders especially Indians channelize a actually high percentage of diabetes and CVD which is similar to Maori people (Ameratunga, Rasanathan, Tse, 2006). fit in to the Ministry of Health (2009), more Maori, South Asian and pacific people died from the form 1987- 2006 when compared to non-Maori.Obesity is primarily caused by poor nutrition and sedentary lifestyles (Ministry of Health, 2008e). The New Zealand sport and physical activity surveys (conducted in 1997/98, 1998/99, and 2000/01) by Sport and divagation New Zealand (SPARC) found that Pacific, Maori and south Asian children had higher levels of inactivity than another(prenominal) groups. Additionally, a healthy diet is a key determinant of health outcomes and is particularly important for the growth and development.With regards to ministry of health (2003), Maori, south Asian and more of pacific people in new Zealand tend to eat more unhealthy food as it came cheaper and children skipped breakfast due to lack of maternal supervision. Smoking is seen to be another lifestyle adaptation amongst the New Zealand association and the leading risk factor for many forms of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. to a greater extent Maori and Pacific individuals smoke (45 per cent and 31 percent, respectively) compared with the total New Zealand population (20. percent) (Ministry of Health, 2008k). The Youth 2007 Survey found that twice as many Pacific students are regular smokers when compared to European students. Furthermore, level of economic resources operable to the pacific and south asian people is another important social determinants of health. Asians closelyly do not show increased health issues statistically but south Asian particularly Indians are at a very high risk. Despite high levels of disease, Indian New Zealanders are rarely presumed as a priority group in current diabetes strategies.For modeling, permits Beat Diabetes Strategy by Counties Manukau District Health jury fails to mention Indian people specifically but considers the general Asian population. Another possibility for the disproportionate effect on south Asian and pacific people could be higher levels of unemployment and write down income as a group (ministry of healt h, 2006). This is partly due to a lack of effective result strategies for migrant Asians and pacific people to New Zealand.Lack of employment and delicateies subsidence into the host community are associated with negative health do and reduced accessibility to health caution facility (Ameratunga, Rasanathan, Tse, 2006). The risk associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease can be reduced and these conditions only respond well if managed with get take. Evidence proposes that many Pacific individuals are often ignorant of the political sympathies run offered to them (Koloto & Associates Ltd, 2007 Paterson, 2004). This demonstrates ineffective communication by health information services and providers.Primarily, retains need to build a trusting alterative relationship via therapeutic communication techniques such as active listening, paraphrasing etc. It facilitates client autonomy, creates a non-judgmental environment and provides the professional with the holistic v iew of the client for better vigilance. With lengthiness to the case study by Counties Manukau DHB (Ministry of Health, 2011, pg. 6) the diabetic patient (Mr Cooper) found it difficult to follow instructions given by the doctor therefore his diabetes maintain helped him with all the information he needed.He verbalised I intentional a lot from the nurse. I learned how serious diabetes is and how it is not going to go away, but also how it is possible to live a trust life if you manage what you eat, etc. This specifies that nurses are the closest health professionals who spends the most time with patients and so can work with the patients in partnership. In say to manage diabetes and CVD effectively (Ministry of health, 2011, pg. 2), it is very important for nurses to educate their patients about the risk factors and what needs to be done to mend early detection and anxiety of diabetes and CVD.Adherence to therapies anticipated to control risk factors such as lipid levels or blood pressure for patients with type 2 diabetes is seen to reduce major cardiovascular complications and increase survival (Barrat, Butow, Caldwell, Davey & Travena, 2006,pg. 13-23) . One probable way to cleanse patients metabolic control is to help them understand the risks of the disease and the likely benefits of available therapy options. Research has shown that information on the potential benefits of improving modifiable risk factors may assist both health professionals and patients in making sermon decision.This may increase patients willingness to accept management strategies recommended by their doctors and nurses. In fact, nurses as health educators can use diverse formats (e. g. decision aids, brochures, verbal advice) increasing patients noesis and understanding (Barrat, Butow, Caldwell, Davey & Travena, 2006, 13-23). However, as suggested by the New Zealand Guidelines Group (2003) nurses and other health professionals need to hit use of an evidence-based practi ce in the management of diabetes as well as assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease.However, despite CVD and diabetes judgments universe developed, uptake is often low. A possible reason for this is that many Pacific and Maori people do not prioritise health and generally would not seek any help unless they overhear physical symptoms such as pain or discomfort. With reference to nursing council of New Zealand competency 3. 2 forming partnership with the client and raising awareness for example informing and referring Maori patients about management programmes such as Get Checked which provides free yearly check-up for people with diabetes.This programme focuses on physical health, lifestyle and disease management. fit to Robson and Harris (2007), Maori enrolment in get checked programme in 2006 was lower than non-Maori. This is a clear indicator of moari peoples lack of knowledge about services being provided. However, nurses as professionals should practice nursing in a ve ry culturally safe manner by acknowledging patients determine beliefs and attitude towards health care. For example Maori people believe in kanohi te kanohi meaning face to face communication therefore nurses need to have more in person communication (Reid & Robson, 2007).Nurses should also inform clients about initiatives for example one heart many lives which allows Maori and pacific men to get their hearts checked, improve awareness of heart disease and lifestyle habits. Furthermore, CVD assessment allows an early detection of the number of people being at risk of cardiovascular disease. The sooner it is detected the earlier these issues can be controlled as stated in the document published by the ministry of health (2011). The practice nurse is the key person to co-ordinate care for instance by and by reviewing a diabetic patient he or she may reconcile to refer the patient to the dietician.This way the patient is given an efficient holistic care with appropriate information (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, 2013, pg. 27) Nurses need to collaborate with the clients, concur on patient centered health goals such as promotion, bar and early management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease by setting realizable and measurable goals. For example, ministry of health national health information Board launched a Shared Care Plan in 2011 which was in response to increasing number of deaths due to poor management of chronic illnesses.This programme aims to improve care of patients by increasing patient involvement (Kaitiaki Nursing, New Zealand, march, 2013, pg. 26). The New Zealand Cardiovascular Risk Chart shows that diabetic people who smoke are at much higher risk of developing CVD when compared to a non-diabetic and non-smoker (New Zealand guidelines Group, 2009). According to Solberg (2006) there is evidence that professional advice given by the health care provider helps patients to quit smoking. Nurses can effectively use the ABC tool around provided b y the ministry of health (2007) to help patients to quit smoking.Nurses need to inform clients about the advantages of being a non-smoker financially and health wise and provide pick as to how nicotine replacement therapy helps minimise the urge to smoke. A practice nurse is responsible for most of patients assessments and health education, therefore nurses need to understand the rack of her patient and what does being healthy means to them. Establishing relationships and understanding their culture and customs. For example food plays a big role in pacific, Maori and south Asian culture.Family involvement in care plan is very important in shaping attitudes and activities as family plays an important role in their lives also explaining the effects of unhealthy and sedentary lifestyle. Nurses should use plain language and ensure the patient and their family understands what changes they need to make and why they need to make them. They should also make sure that the patient and fami ly are fully informed about the care plan and any procedures being done to maximise care (Blakely, 2007). In conclusion it can be said that patients are fully dependent on nurses with regards to any health issues they have.Nurses are the first form of clutch to patient in primary and secondary care setting who provides them with precise information. It is very important for nurses to be aware of the fact that Maori, Pacific and South Asian New Zealander are more proned to diabetes and CVD therefore more ferocity should be given to them. During the assessment nurses should always consider patients socio-economic ine feature, access to and quality of health care, and health risk factors such as tobacco, diet, and other lifestyle factors.

Safe as houses?

Hey kids, Im Gavin and I want to talk to you today nigh safety around the house. How some of you here befool younger familiars or sisters? Response Over half of you, thats rather a lot. Ill account they overprotect quite annoying sometimes, dont they? I wouldnt sack out be go I am the younger brother. Even though they do get quite annoying sometimes, Im sure that deep down inside, you really do love your younger brothers and sisters, and that you would neer want anything bad happening to them. This is wherefore it is important to mention them save and out of trouble.How many of you here dont live a helper? Response Well, thats a large number of you. I bet e rattling time your p arents are out, you have to work out after your handle brother or sister right? Its pretty hard sometimes isnt it? Well here are a few suggestions which might unsex it easier for you.Firstly, never let your brother or sister near the kitchen on their own. Stay away from the kitchen unless you ar e getting snacks to eat and drinks. The kitchen is a dangerous, life-threatening and bad place to play. Your brother or sister could easily burn, attack or hurt themselves with hot or boiling water, clothes manacles or hot oven doors. There are some yucky chemicals kept in the kitchen which arent precise healthy for you if you drink or inhale it. Dont entomb theres also a chance your baby sibling could slip and come to pass over. The kitchen is out of bounds.If your younger sibling needs to go to the toilet or take a bath, make sure that you go and help them. It is very important, and it will make you look more grown-up in addition, doing important things around the house. When they are taking a bath, make sure the water is not too hot or they could get hurt ands scalded. Also, be sure to flirt with them up because it is very easy for them to drown, so dont play around during bath-time. Finally, never ever let your baby brother or sister go peeking down the toilet incase th ey fall in. It would be unsafe, unhygienic and very yucky.Moving away from the toilet issues, the next thing you have to be careful of are the doors. Slamming doors in your brother or sisters face is a big no-no. Their fingers could get caught and it would be extremely painful.If any of you have a staircase in the house, you will probably know how dangerous they are, oddly for kids under two. The best thing to avoid accidents to keep them away from the steps and get out any toys or objects blocking the stairs. If not, you or your light brother or sister could turn into Humpty Dumpty and break into many piecesTalking about taking big falls, it is also a good idea to dear any low windows your sibling could climb out of, or remove anything they could climb on to in order to get to the opening.Did you know that the biggest cause of accidents in homes are from playing with matches? If you have ever tried it and ruling it cool, take some advice from the big kids, its not cool. You c ould easily kill yourself and your little baby brother or sister, so consider, keep tem away from those matches and remember the words of Smokey Bear Only YOU can stop house hold fires Dont forget to keep them away from the medicine cabinet, and remind them often that it ISNT candy.Finally, if you are playing external the house, keep those little kids away from the garage or tool shed, which have a lot of dangerous tools and chemicals.(P.T.O.)Now you can go and advertise your friends how cool you are and your parents how grown up you are because you know how to look after your baby brother or sister, and yourself.

Compare and contrast the poems ‘part one’ by Adrian Henri and the excerpts from William Wordsworth’s poem ‘the prelude’

some(prenominal) William Wordsworth and Adrian Henri base their poetrys on childishness experiences, which were transportal for their poems. Each has a desirous view of their childhood and idealise the past which were carefree and when they had no responsibilities. Liverpool was a formative influence for Adrian Henris poem go one which is an account of his early life. Whereas William Wordsworths inspiration for his poem came from where he grew up, The Lake District in Cumbria. He has become Britains about famous poet of nature.For each poet childhood experiences were a happy era withal on that point were also traumatic and more disturbing memories, especially for Henri, which they had suppressed. The settings of some(prenominal) Adrian Henri and William Wordworths poems are the exact antithesis of each other. Adrian Henri grew up in industrial metropolis which is on the north-west coast of England. The quality to the ferry gravy holder and the seven bridges indicates tha t Adrian Henri grew up in Liverpool, the river being the river Mersey.The mention of the boats on the bright river and the cranes from the dockyard evokes the sense that Liverpool is a metropolis where ship create is a major source of employment. The description of the nasty tincture from the tannery emphasises the view that Liverpool is an industrial area which creates pollution and causes damage to the environment. The allusion to the big shops at Christmas reminds us that Liverpool is a sizeable city and very busy at Christmas time. Although Liverpool reached its prime during the heady 1960s and indeed the city did suffer economically during the 1980s.Liverpool is by chance most renowned as the home of the most successful embark on band of all time-the Beatles, heralding the beginning of an era in which Liverpool was the capital of favorite culture. William Wordsworths poem the Prelude has a famous extract in which the poet is ice-skating on a frozen lake, Esthwaite water nea r Hawkshead. The setting of Wordsworths poem is a pastural prospect where there is mention of cottage windows and the striking of the village clock which gives the impression that he came from a rural fannyground and he was bought up in the countryside.The reference to precipes and crags indicate that there are mountains nearby where he grew up. The extract from the poem is set in the winter season around January or February. there is reference to the frosty season and there is characterisation of the leafless trees and the fires blazing with the twilight gloom the poet also mentions that it is nearly dark at 6 oclock. Adrian Henri lived in area where there were a wide range of back to back terraced houses.He grew up very much in a conventional working class background, however a proud one which looked after their home, the step was cleaned twice a week and a polished lobby they were a piously religious family. We get the impression that Adrian Henri was an only child, who was cared by his grandfather as his mum had to work. The poet seemed to have been closer to his grandfather rather than his mother. On reverting home from shopping he would shout to his grandfather to show him what he had just been bought he also recalls his grandfathers moustache tickling him whilst his grandfather was kissing.To a young child the grandfather could have been intimidating with his load voice. However, this was not the case because of the laughter in his country mans eyes his bark was more hurtful than his bite. He was fastidious over his appearance he wore gleaming pitch-black boots he was a man of habit he never wore a collar but always a stud. He was a ruralist at heart. He grew up in a rural and the agrarian environment. His experiences seem to reflect one of the key movements in the nineteenth ampere-second called rural depopulation.Once arriving to Liverpool Adrians grandfather would try re-create the countryside by building on allotment, he had a connexion wi th nature Adrian Henri equalizes his grandfather to a tall fir tree inn the park. Adrian Henris uncle Bill was a freight and an embarrassment to the family in front of neighbours and other visitors. He smelt of get into and horses from this we can conjecture he used to spend most of his time in the pub and betting offices. He was a veteran of the stolon World War, because of the war he became disabled he was incapacitated and unemployed.regrettably William Wordsworths parents had past away cares not for his home he does not have to difficulty about going home on time. The poet uses a simile to compare himself to an un tired horse to evoke his energy and enthusiasm to be out of doors. In the line we hissed along the polished ice in games the poet uses onomatopoeia to suggest the sounds the skates would train while moving over the ice. In the middle of the poem Wordsworth by choice chooses to convey an impression of great sound or movement rhythm, tumult, not a voice was idle. It is maniphastly clear that Wordsworth preferred spending time unaccompanied rather than being around people. We get the impression Adrian Henri had a bonnie happy childhood he has fond memories of relatives ad images of home characterized by bright colours. However when Henri returns to his hometown it was a dillusioning experience. He had hoped to find familiar landmarks but everything had changed. The allotment at the foot of the hill had gone now, great emaciated terraces scarred with graffiti. By revisiting Liverpool it had bought back unhappy memories which had been forgotten.Wordsworth preferred to be on his own and isolated from other people. At the time of the boat misadventure it was early evening Wordsworth was independent he was in an adventures spirit. Stealing the boat indicates his willingness to do forbid things. it was an act of stealth and troubled pleasure at front he enjoyed the experience and deliberately rowed for the horizons utmost boundary- to escape from where he started willingness to be alone prode of skill the simile the boat moved through the lake like a graceful swan. There is a change of mood and automatic teller machine when the considerable mountain comes into view.Wordsworth had a childish imagination that the mountains were alive and like a giant striding after him. Wordsworth uses personification to suggest the mountain is not inamate endeavor but has come alive. Wordsworth had the impression that the mountain was in pursuit of him. Wordsworth hastly returned the boat which indicates how frightened he was at the time. After this incident Wordsworths mood changed significantly. part one by Adrian Henri was not actually thought out, the poem is written in an unstructured way with no logical sequence, there is no punctuation, just about no capital letters apart fro m the names.It is written in a stream of consciousness with a series of disconnected thoughts, whereas Wordsworths poem. The prelude is a long autobiogra phical poem. It is written on a specific childhood experience. Both poems are about childhood memories but clearly there are differences, the settings of both poems, the way the poems are written and the mood and atmosphere of both poems differ. The way that Liverpool had all changed, the place Henri grew changed entirely, everything he had remembered had changed or gone.Houses had been knocked slew ugly flats the people who had lived there had also gone. Henris Liverpool had dramatically changed into an environment he did not remember. The Lake District is a renowned area of England for its natural view beauty, thousands of people visit from England and all over the world. Wordsworth was the one who made it popular. In my opinion I prefer part one by Adrian Henri because it does not center on on a specific memory. It is easier to understand as it is not as long as the prelude which is on specific memories.

Literary History and the Concept of Literature Essay

Literary narrative and the pattern of belles-lettres I From the mid-seventies onwards, some(prenominal) has been said ab extinct the paper of history and literary history that has cast doubt on its noetic credibility. For example, Hayden Whites Metahistory (1973) embroil an influential analysis of the metaphorical foundations of 19th century history writing. In 1979, Jean-Francois Lyotard criticized grand narratives in La Condition postmoderne (The Postmodern Condition), and in 1992 David Perkins presented a whole array of sceptical epistemological and methodological arguments directed against literary history in Is Literary History Possible?.The questioning of literary history has not however resulted in the abandonment of large-scale literary-historical projects, quite a it has inspired attempts to base much(prenominal) ventures on better designs and better foundations. not least, many new ideas around the field project been put off in connection with the preparation of two major industrial plant of literary history sponsored by the ICLA. It is also natural to point to two conjectural publications from 2002 the collection of es conjectures, Rethinking Literary History, edited by Linda Hutcheon and Mario J.Valdes, and Marcel Cornis-Pope and John Neubauers brief presentation of the ideas behind a history of literary flori burnishs in East-Central Europe. ii The Swedish project Literature and Literary History in Global Contexts, which was started in 1998 and will terminate in 2004, focuses specifi scratchy on close to theoretical problems associated with the writing of literary history. We who circumstancesicipate come, mostly, from various handle within oriental studies or from comparative publications. Since the project is sponsored by the Swedish Research Council we al mavin work, or once worked, at various Swedish universities.One of the special features of the project is the interest devoted to human beings histories of literature, a musical style where the general problems of literary history become especially clear and acute. (I shall return to this perhaps unfamiliar genre in a moment. ) triad important cruces in connection with arena histories of literature have been singled out for special banter within the project (i) the apprehension of the purpose of literature, (ii) the understanding of genres, and (iii) the understanding of interactions between literary cultures.These three sets of issues will be make the subject of four volumes of literary-historical studies and theoretical reflections, and these volumes will represent the main cover outcome of the project. In this paper, I shall concentrate on the first of the questions, about the notion of literature. I shall say a few words about the concept of literature itself, point out some of the difficulties that it occasions in a macrocosm history of literature, and conclude with a brief discussion of how such problems may be approached and dealt with. IIIn a sense, of course, at that show atomic number 18 very many concepts of literature if every nuance is interpreted into report, it may well be the case that each person has their own. even if, conversely, one looks at the situation very broadly, one can say that there is an everyday concept of literature in Western culture which is widely shared. That concept came into being in the course of the 18th century. before that, no exact counterpart to our present concept of literature existed both in Western culture or elsewhere, and the distinction between fantastic literature and non-fiction was not of primary importance in the classification of texts. sag Idema and Lloyd Haft have given a concise and clarifying account of how earlier cultures thought about texts and their basic divisions. As long as no to a greater extent than a few written works are in circulation in a given society, all texts are more or slight equally important and valuable. If there is a strikin g increase in the number of writings, with a corresponding differentiation in their content and character, the texts are resemblingly to be subdivided into the categories of high literature, professional literature, and usual literature.Literature (or high literature) is then the term for texts which are felt to be of general educational value and which are, accordingly, regarded as part of the necessary intellectual baggage of every cultured person. Works which contain utilizable knowledge but remain limited to one specific area, such as medicine or military science, are classified as professional literature. Works intended only to amuse, and which have (or are considered to have) no educational value, fall outside the scope of literature. We may call these more or less despised writings trivial literature.In the kind of intellectual culture described in this quotation, the perfect distinction among texts is the one between culturally important texts and culturally less signifi cant ones. In most such cultures classical antiquity, classical Chinese culture, classical Sanskrit culture, and so forth the class of culturally important texts would manufacture most of what we call poetry, history writing, and philosophy, and normally also other kinds of texts some administrative texts, some texts concerning magic, some letters, et cetera.Oral vernacular texts, or comparatively unadorned sham narratives, what we call fictional prose, would normally form part of popular or trivial literature. For complex social, economic, and cultural reasons, this way of classifying texts came to sustain great though gradual transformations in Western Europe from the belatedly 17th to the early 19th centuries. One of the very many critical factors behind the process must have been the growing importance of a new, more rigorous conception of semiempirical truth, associated with the natural sciences.High literature, in the special sense described by Idema and Haft, had alw ays aspired to truth in the sense of great human significance. As the distinction between empirical truth and empirical non-truth became more rigid and more significant and as many other, more or less related developments were taking define new groupings began to emerge in the textual universe. Poetry became dissociated from scientific writings, and in turn also from history, philosophy, oratory, and letters. On the other hand, fictional prose, especially in the pretense of the increasingly appreciated novel, came to be regarded as one of the genres of poetry.With this, our modern notion of literature had effectively taken shape, and the term literature (whose main marrow in the 17th and 18th centuries had been something like education or culture) successively developed into todays normal designation of the concept. v terce The late 18th and early 19th centuries saw the beginning of the writing of literary history of the history of national European literatures, of the histo ry of European literature as a whole and, at least from the 1830s onwards, of the world history of literature.World histories of literature thus comprise a genre which has existed for around 170 years. Among its modern instances are such impressive works as the German twenty-five volume Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft (New Handbook of Literary Studies), print between 1972 and 2002, and the Russian Istorija vsemirnoj literatury v devjati tomach (History of World Literature in niner Volumes) from 1983-94. vii However in the English- language world the genre is more or less extinct, and its very existence appears to be overlooked in the coeval international discussion about the globalization of literary studies.These debates are in the first place inspired by the widespread interest in colonial and postcolonial studies and place the last few centuries at the centre of attention, while the traditional world histories of literature are, in principle, universal in scope, and are meant to cover all multiplication and cultures. In many respects, it seems a good idea to have a world history of literature to fall back on. such works can relate the various literary cultures of the world to one another and put them into perspective. Thus they may create a much needed overview, much as a map of the world helps us to comprehend certain fundamental geographical realities.To some extent, works like the Neues Handbuch der Literaturwissenschaft and the Istorija vsemirnoj literatury do just that, and of course they also contain a wealthiness of information and intelligent discussion. Yet, despite their often remarkable qualities, world histories of literature are typically profoundly problematic for a number of reasons. 2 major problems have their roots in the very concept of literature. First, the concept is, in itself, an everyday notion. If employed without additional explications or stipulations, it is too imprecise and inconsistent to form the basis of a rea sonable classification.Second, the concept of literature is a relatively recent Western invention. Its application to other times and cultures will easily lead to anachronistic and ethnocentric distortions. On the whole, world histories of literature are content to sweep such problems under the carpet. They typically prefer to rely on the everyday notion of literature and to include the resulting contradictions in the bargain. For instance, the concept of literature is traditionally employ in such a manner that the criteria for a work to be classified as literature vary depending on the time and the culture one is speaking of.Modern literature is most often seen as consisting of just fictional prose, poetry, and drama. When there is talk of older periods, the concept of literature is however used very inclusively. ix For example, ancient Roman philosophy, history, and oratory are not excluded as being non-fiction instead, such writers as Lucrece, Caesar, and Cicero are considered p art of the European literary heritage. The same duality appears in the treatment of other literary cultures. Thus, for instance, the consecrated Vedic texts (circa 1200 circa 500 B. C.).

Ethical Dillemma Worksheet

1. What is the honest issue or problem? Identify the issue succinctly.The ethical issue develops when the truth is modify in the second or signed eat up get across. The officer altered the tell to state that they had actually witnessed the economize drive and park the car, although they had not.2. What atomic number 18 the most important facts? Which facts have the most bearing on the ethical decision presented? Include either important potency economic, social, or semipolitical pressures, and exclude inconsequential facts. The fact that the first sketch had said the officers hardly felt the vehicle with a warm hood, and only witnessed the husband walkway up to the home. Is the first report really had not been signed off it whitethorn have been be fetch they would not have a case presumptuousness that the officers did not witness the husband actually driving the vehicle. Given that, the husband would have won the case and socially and politically it would show flunk within the segment, because the officers made an halt with away meeting certain criteria for arrest. The second report had stated different, that the officers witnessed the husband driving and park as they pulled up.3. Identify to each one claimant (key actor) who has an interest in the outcome of this ethical issue. From the perspective of the chaste performerthe individual contemplating an ethical course of actionwhat obligation is owed to the claimant? Why? Claimant(key actor) liability (owed to the claimant) Perspective (What does the claimant hope get out happen?) The officers Fidelity, evaluator The officers hope they pull up stakes win the case of DWI, although they did not witness the husband driving. The husband Fidelity, liberality Hopes to stay out of jail and win the case against him since he was not witnessed driving while intoxicated. The married woman Fidelity, beneficence Hopes to keep her husband out of jail. society justice Hopes that criminal justice per sonnel and system leave alone be able to keep offenders off the streets as to not cause harm to innocent citizens. prosecutor Justice, non-injury Hopes to gain the truth of the matter as to not cause flaws in the justice system, and achieve absolute justice for all parties involved.Evaluating choices4. What are two alternatives for the scenario? One alternative foundation be a wild card that you ordinarily whitethorn not submit an option because of potential implications. Both should be within free lead and control of the same moral doer. Alternative AAlternative B Keep report number one and not file charges against the husband. Follow through with report number two, and file charges against the husband. 5. Respond to the following questions based on your authentic alternatives.Alternative A Alternative BWhat are the best- and worst-case scenarios if you choose this alternative? Best-the husband will take this opportunity as a draw of luck and rehabilitate. The department and officers will not see bad for making an arrest without comely protocal. Worst- the husband continues to drive while intoxicated and harms another person, the first arrest may come to light and the prosecutor may be reprimanded for not perusing charges the first time Best-the husband will be taken off the streets and not allowed the opportunity to drive while intoxicated potentially causing harm to himselfand others. Worst- the truth will come to light and prosecutors and law of nature officers are reprimanded for not telling the truth to begin with. Will anyone be harmed if this alternative is chosen? If so, how will they be harmed? Consider families and derivative effects.Yes, citizens can be harmed if accidents occur should the husband continue to drive while intoxicated. The wife may continue to be battered by the intoxicated husband. The family may be harmed if the husband is arrested and he is the only source of income. The department may be harmed should the truth be known . Would honor an idea or harbor such as personal, professional, or religiousmake the alternative shut-in? Professionally it may allow for an intoxicated driver to be on the streets, causing public harm.Professionally, religiously, and personally, it would be wrong to move forward with a falsified report.Applying Ethical Guidelines6. Consider each ethical guideline and explain whether it would alimentation or reject your alternative. Guidelines based on the action itself Alternative A Alternative B Should this alternative become a rule or policy that everyone in this situation should follow in similar situations in the future? (Kant) Yes No Does this alternative result in using any person as a means to an end without consideration for his or her basic integrity? (Kant) Yes Yes Is the intent of this action free from vested interest or ulterior motive? (Kants good will) Yes No Does this alternative display a genuine concern for others affected by the decision, and is the moral che st responding to a perceived need? Yes No Guidelines based on consequences Alternative A Alternative B Is the good that results from this alternative outweighed by the potential harm that might be done to others? (Mills harm principle) No No Is any harm brought about by anyone other than the moral agent? (causal harm) YesYes Will anyone be harmed who can be said to be defenseless? (paternalism) Yes Yes To what degree is this alternative based on the moral agents own best interest? (ethical egoism)Which alternative will baffle the superlative benefitor the least amount of harmfor the greatest number of people? Select only one alternative. (utilitarianism) Alternative number one generates the greatest benefit or least harm.Ethical Decision Making7. necessitate to proceed with either Alternative A or Alternative B and explain the reasons for your decision. Alternative A allows the husband to make better choices, as well as keeps the police officers and the prosecutor from lying. The truth will be known and it will not make the police department look irresponsible for not taking proper steps to arrest with sufficient evidence.

Discussion of the history of cosmetics Essay

The dawn of advance(a) cosmetics began divided into the following categories Grolier (2005 188-191). a. Powders face powder usually go overs talk, chalk, kaolin, and mixtures of zinc oxide, atomic number 22 oxide and miscellaneous powdered pigments. Properly prepared, this mixture spreads easily, adheres to the skin, and absorbs almost moisture. b. Emulsions these are alright particles of oil dispersed in water. Vanishing creams and cold creams are examples of emulsions. Thinner emulsions, which contain more water relative to the oil content, are used as cleansing lotions and hand creams. c.Lipsticks this is made up of oils, such as caster oil, mixed with waxes and pigments or dyes, and hardened into molds. Since the materials used in manufacturing lipsticks are genuinely taken into the body, the choice of ingredients is limited to those which are known or expect to be non-toxic. d. Eye Makeup these are eyebrow pencils, eye shadow, and mascara are, the like lipstick, co mpounds of oil, wax and pigments. They, too, must be made of non-toxic or non-injurious materials. Cosmetics have comply a long way in modern history and compete a signifi notifyt role in adorning both men and women for various occasions.It has been so widely-used that its functions have traversed into extremes for beautification purposes it can either conceal or winkle an asset of a someone. It can serve as mask or a highlighter. This just means that it has the ability to mixed bag the appearance of the person according to the manner it was used. At the end of the day, personal psyche dictates that either person intends or strives to become pleasant to the eyes of the millions of people or so him or her. What is pretty has as well changed over the years. The definition of what is beautiful goes crossways regions, beliefs, religion and societal perceptions.Burke (200375-77) According to the twentieth century philosopher Charles Hartshorne, hit is the centerpiece of this classical trinity and that nothing in our experience is assuage from the touch of the beautiful. Beyond aesthetics, what is beautiful is how one perceives it to be, in that if he or she can find beauty in there. Therefore, the smell of what is beautiful has emerged from mere prettiness or elaborate ornamentation into an instrument of spiritedness towards survival in the continuous evolution of flavour in this planet.It can be found that the link between biology and beauty has impose the development of humans and other species. Scientific studies strengthens the debate that the beautiful volition emerge as the survivors given that their counterparts find them more attractive than the ease and that they are perceived to produce the most beautiful offsprings. In this biological quest for a successful and healthy reproduction process, the preference is therefore given to those mates who appear healthy. A healthy individual is visually manifested in their skin and hair, by the mov ement of their body, by a proportioned and m step to the foreh body.These are the people judged to be beautiful. If the experts are correct in these assumptions or scientific observations, men usually look for women who appear young and generative. This is where cosmetics leverage onto. Burke (200375-77) The cosmetic industry tries to address this so-called need that women stay fresh to appear young despite already going beyond their fertile or child-bearing years. Nevertheless, beyond the need to reproduce our genes, the core of beauty up to now delves on the ability of a person to identify and bring out the beauty in their lives.We need not generate only life in this world, but also generate beauty that will devise life even more worthwhile. It is the appreciation of beauty in our milieu even without the use of any form of artificial adornment such as cosmetics that will enable one to realize the beauty of life, that it is worth-knowing and worth nutriment after all. Given how important the nation for beauty is perceived across nations, and beyond borders, how cosmetics value this perception and its effects to the human well-being is crucial. dermatologic diseases have sprung in the recent years that come in a range from minor cosmetic problems to even life-threatening problems, as displayed in some disorders commonly due to skin differentiation processes. Zeeuwen (2004176). With this statement, one should also be vigilant and be a knowledgeable end-user of these products that attempt to change certain elements of your natural state of appearance or being to some extent. The law of economics reminds us that with in every level of quality increased, price is directly affected as it is directly correlated.

Tennessee William’s Play a Street Car Named Desire

Tennessee Williams piddle, A Street Car Named Desire, creates booking and tension between characters using several dramatic devices. It also makes have use of the sound effects and music used during the production, the appearance of the characters as well as the language used. Blanche DuBois, the centralized character in the play is a woman in her early thirties, although she would have you believe otherwise. Williams from the very start creates a veneer of Blanch and slowly throughout the story lets us know what is behind this beautiful pretence.Blanch is first presented to the earshot as a woman belonging to another class, superior to in all(a) her surroundings until now such of her sister, S g everyplacena. Explain to me this place. What are you doing in a place like this? When Blanche is first introduced to Stellas husband, Stanley Kowalski, she is quite attracted to him, she even flirts with this super C man. Animalistic and exhibitionistic, Stanley removes his hot, swe at-soaked, smelly and sticky T-shirt in front of her, and changes into a clean one to make myself comfortable. He offers Blanche a drink besides she declines stating that ones my limit and that she rarely touches it. This being blatant lies, Stanley quite rightly remarks Well, there are some people that rarely touch it, but it touches them often. laying her cards on the table, Blanche later admits to Stanley that she only tells the truth when necessary, after all she wouldnt want it affecting her playing her role. I know I fib a good deal. After all, a womans charm is fifty percent partiality, but when a thing is important I tell the truth As the play progresses we find Blanch desperately try to cling to everyone whilst maintaining her old southern belle, aristocratic, gracious and desirable frontier, not permit on that she is in fact penniless. Im not going to put up in a hotel. Ive got to be near you Stella. Ive got to be with people. I cant be alone She plays this role m ost probable only to keep up her self-esteem. Blanch is very self conscious pf her appearance, always wanting soulfulness to reassure her with a compliment. Blanche Would you think it possible that I was once considered attractive? Stanley Your looks are ok.Blanche I was fishing for a compliment, Stanley. The very language that she uses is over elaborate and self conscious, with such exaggerated formality. Such carefully unified language perhaps signifies her desire to remain in control. It more likely is used to cover up her anxiety, unease, even extreme agitation at epoch boarding hysteria. She is constantly washing herself and bathing, hydrotherapy she calls it, purifying and purifying her. Blanches relationship with Mitch is untruthful from the beginning, with nothing but a paper lantern disguising the illusion from reality.She is trying to hold onto what she has already lost Belle Reve (Beautiful dream), her husband, her youth. The encounter with the boy pile up for the E vening Star newspaper amplifies the point of her longing to be new-made once again. Blanche even falls into the trap of playing the role of fantasies which she even ridicules. I attempt to instil a bunch of bobby-soxers and drug repositing Romeos with reverence for Hawthorne and Whitman and Poe This perhaps has some link with Aunt Pennyman from Washington Square, conflux up with strangers in foreign places.Blanche has always said how she relies on the charity of strangers. Although Tennessee Williams being a socially conscious playwright he cool it involved such themes that would challenge production code sensors of films at the time. The audiences of the time would have considered the play to be controversial to say the least, involving immoral and indulgent acts, with its bold adult drama including rape, insanity, domestic violence, homointimateity and sexual obsession. Williams was noted for bringing to his audiences a slice of his own life and the get of southern culture .

Loss and grief Essay

INTRODUCTIONAlmost constantlyy unrivalled in the world experiences an event which tail assembly be considered as a impairment. It is the disappearance of whatsoeverthing or person important to an individualist, sadness is the natural response to the bolshy, batch feel a range of emotions when they keep going a spillage such(prenominal) as shock, panic, denial, anger and guilt. Death is one of the study events associated with termination alone there ar m any others that occur which can excessively receive a negative effect on roughlyones spiritedness history by impacting in various ways.A description of a range of losses which may trigger woAny significant loss in our life story can evidence distress, and individuals can permit a mixed range of feelings with friendships to their loss. These losses let in Infertility where the individual result experience emotions car park to the demolition of a loved one, this fictitious character of loss can trigger many reactions such as depression, anger towards life in general or towards others that train children, shame, they feel they atomic number 18 less of a psyche as they argon unable to have children, frustration, it can too result in the dodging of social interactions (www.infertility.ab kayoed.com). Divorce where the individual feels they have doomed all bank and dreams for the future, fear of now having to cope alone, resentment towards the other mortal, guilt, they may in any case struggle with a lifestyle change which may also have a negative impact on social aspects of their life ascribable to pecuniary changes(www.divorcesupport.about.com). The loss of a job where the individual feels anger, jealousy of others who have a job, they may feel they have lost their identity element and are useless. This can also try the individual to suffer social elimination (www.helpguide.org). on that point are many more than that can trigger trouble such as loss of a personate function, rape, loss of a friendship, homelessness, role-redefinition.A description of two theoretical moldings of ruefulnessOne model of rue I looked at was Kubler-Ross (1969) who initially developed the five head model of grief, Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, and espousal and afterward added to more, Shock and Testing. The tiers are set upin the following way Shock Stage The first response in hearing the unpleasant news, the someone may freeze and be unable to take in what is creation said. Denial Stage This is a defence mechanism it is the refusal to accept what has happened. Anger Stage This is when the person go out suffer feelings of rage and may look for someone to blame wherefore me, Its not fair. Bargaining Stage This sis the stage where a person impart try to negotiate or compromise, can we still be friends? , they may also pray try and hand with a god they believe in. Depression Stage Person susceptibility withdraw at this stage, they will feel sadness, regret, fear, when at this stage it shows the person is beginning to accept the situation. Testing Stage This is where the individual looks for realistic solutions to the problem. Acceptance Stage This is when the person begins to come to terms with the event and can last curb a way forward.Another model that is similar to Kubler-Ross is Psychodynamic or Griefwork model by Colin Murray Parkes. This model also breaks the grief help gloomy into five stages1 Alarm2 Searching3 temperance4 Anger and Guilt5 Gaining a new identityParkes idea was that when a loss occurs the individual affected will necessary go done transitions in their lives. These transitions can be very contend as people have a feeling of security from their avouch every day routines in their lives. Parkes depict this as a persons assumptive world and this is created on how it has always been. An individuals concept is that this is how it will always be, to think unalikely from this would create feel ings of insecurity. A persons thoughts would have to change from what they normally take for granted in localize to cope with what has changed.Parks explains that most life changing events psychosocial transitions are those that implicate people to alter their judgement about the world.Are lasting in their implications rather than temporary.Take place within a short quantify giving little opportunity for preparation.If these three factors are present during a changing event then Parks explains that the persons assumptive world endures major change.(Hnc Social Care Open Learning Pack)A description of a range of agencies which can offer support to people experiencing loss and grief A range of agencies who can offer support to people experiencing loss and grief include the followingStatutory come alongncies The local ho utilize incision, Nhs, G.P, department of social security who can help deal with any financial issues arising from the situation and the social work department w ho can help by providing renovations such as homecare, occupational therapy and community care.There is also a large number of intended organisations available to support people experiencing loss or grief such as Age fright who help to come to terms with old age and improve later life for everyone, they offer advice and information regarding health and housing and opportunities for training.(Age Concern.org.uk) Cancer join offers counselling and support programmes to help cancer patients cope with their illness and treatment(www.cancerlink.co.uk). victim Support gives free confidential help to victims of crime. They offer emotional and working support such as counselling, help to fill out form, acquiring medical treatment and rehousing(www.victimsupport.co.uk). Cruse Bereavement Care Scotland offers support after misadventure and also offers information , support and training services to those who are component someone who has suffered a bereavmenet(www.crusebereavment.org.u k), and Ardgowan Hospice who offersupport, respite care and end of life care to people suffering cancer or other life limiting illness. They offer a wide range of services from counselling, uncanny and bereavement support for patients and their family to yoga, hypnotherapy and relaxation classes.A description of how you support an individual experiencing loss and grief not associated with endingI have back up a person in my work place that experienced loss and grief by using effective communication including being a good listener. The service drug user had been the victim of a sexual assault. When the disaster initially happened the service user was in denial and told no one, unless it was clear from their behaviour that something was wrong with them, they were frightened of being alone and cherished constant reassurance that I would not move from outside their room door. I sat with the service user reassuring them that I was here for them and exhausting to encourage them to open up to me. Eventually the service user do the disclosure and we discussed how it would be dealt with i.e. contacting police and relevant agencies. Throughout this ordeal the service user has encountered a range of emotions from shame, guilt, feeling of being dirty, scared, they felt they had lost control of their lives and lost trust in people. I helped the service user work by these issues by sitting with them and listening carefully and being able to empathise with them. They were able to explore all their thoughts and feelings without feeling they were being judged. I also encouraged them to write about what they were feeling and persuasion at cartridge requireers when they found it difficult to talk about. Through time and patients they grew stronger and were able to face what had happened to them and find a way to look to the future.A description of the legal and other procedures to be followed in the event of a remnant in two care settings Procedures following deat h in a care home for the elderlyAt the time of death the person who discovers the decedent needs to record the time of death, who was present and any relevant expound of devices usedor if cpr was given along with their details on the relevant paper work. The next step would be to inform the medical practitioner responsible for that persons care, as verification needs to be completed by them or an subdue qualified nurse before the remains can be removed. The person verifying they death must be aware of local steering regarding verifying death. Which will be in line with national guidance. assay should take place as soon as possible. The verification details should be recorded on the appropriate paperwork. The person verifying the death is responsible for confirming identity of departed. A name band with the departed persons name, D.O.B, address and nhs number should be attached to the dead person person. The death then needs to be reported to the coroner and the relatives of the dead person informed, if the death is unexpected the police must be informed and the body cannot be moved.Procedures following death in a hospitalWhen death occurs within a hospital if the deceased was a patient the ill nurse will contact the deceaseds family to inform them, if the deceased was not a patient the family will be informed and asked to direct the body. If clinicians are unsure about the cause of death a daub mortem must take place by legal requirements to determine the cause of death. The deceased persons relatives must provide proof to award them to collect the persons personal possessions. Staff must be made aware if the deceased person was an organ donor. The hospital will then liaise with the families chosen undertaker, obtain the death certificate and fall in arrangements for the next of kin to collect the certificate. The following procedures for both including legal are taken from the Scottish Executive Website www.scotland.gov.uk/library5/social/waad -pp.aspA description of how attitudes and practices meet death have changed in Britain Attitudes and practices have changed considerably in Britain today. In the past death was an event that was meeted by all who lived in the house, including children. one time the person had died they tolerateed in the house where family members would unsex the body for burial, they bodywould remain there until it was taken for burial. During this time normal daily life keep for the other members of the family. However this is now no longer the case as more people are now dying in hospital, this has thence moved to the medical professions debt instrument rather that the families. Funeral directors now remove and set about up the body and arrange all aspects of the funeral arrangements for the deceaseds family. Todays attitudes to death are very different, Britains attitude to death is described by Katz and Siddell (1994) as a death denying society. Due to people now living longer and epid emics no longer killing thousands because of the ever increasing progress of the public health service death is very much seen as a failure of the medical profession to keep someone alive.(open breeding pack)A description of the rites and practices of two major devotions Christianity Christian belief is one of resurrection and the eternal life of the deceased persons soul. A unearthly service takes place to celebrate that persons life on earth and the new journey they have taken by means of death. These services usually include special readings, hymns and prayers only used for funerals. subsequently the service the deceased is either buried or cremated, during this part of the customs special prayers for the deceased are said. Mourners traditionally demote black garb on this day and after the burial or cremation they gather together for food and drink.Hinduism Following the death of an individual the family come together to prepare the body and will perform prayers. Hind us mostly cremate their dead as they believe this releases their spirit. The flames during the cremation are an important symbol as they represent the bearing of the holy god Brahma the creator. White is considered the appropriate colour to wear and traditionally they will wear Indian garments. Prayers are said at the entrance to the crematorium, there may also be offerings of flowers and sweetmeats passed around. The chief griever usually the eldest male represents the family and they will push the solelyton to make the coffin disappear as well as lighting the funeral pyre. afterward the cremation the family will gather for prayers and food then begin a 13 day mourningperiod.(www.ifishoulddie.co.uk)A description of the rites and practices of one new phantasmal movement Jehovahs Witness Jehovahs witness have no special rituals for those who are dying but will usually appreciate a visit from one of the elders of the faith. There are particular beliefs surrounding blood transfusio ns, Jehovah Witnesss regard blood transfusion as morally wrong and are therefor prohibited. Organ transplants are generally not permitted and they are not likelt to be willing or permitted to donate or receive an organ through which blood flows. They also do not celebrate events such as birthdays and Christmas.(funeralwise)(open learning pack)A description of two non-religious responses to deathHumanist Funeral This type of funeral is for people who are non-religious. The British Human Association formed in 1967. Their principles are not based on religion but on the principles of reason and respect of others. Humanist ceremonies acknowledge loss and celebrate the deceaseds life without any religious rituals. This type of service centres more on the person who has passed away, where the family will choose such things as music, verse or write a personal tribute that is read out by family or friend. This type of funeral gives more opportunity for personal excitant from the deceased s loved ones. The funeral can take place at a cemetery, crematorium and woodland burial ground. Normally a printed re-create of the ceremony is given to mourners on arrival at the service, which can be kept as keep sake.(www.ifishoulddie.co.uk) saucily Age This is a non religious belief which formed its foundations in Britain in the 1960s. This was a reaction against what some people thought that Christianity had and Secular Humanism had failed in such as to provide them with guidance both spiritually and ethically. Unlike most perfunctory religions it has no holy texts, central organisation, membership, formal clergy, dogma or creed. It is a network of believers and practitioners who share similar beliefs and practices which they can add to whichever religionthey follow. New age rituals focus on healing the mind,body,spirit or earth using methods such as reiki or rolfing, they believe these techniques help to heal the body ailments and bring spiritual awareness. Influenced by As ian tradition they often hold retreats or workshops with a spiritual teacher or guru. With regards to the New Age response to death for many followers, ecological funerals, commonly kn take in as green burials, may be their preferred choice as a more environmentally friendly form of woodland burials, nature entertain burials or burials at home. (www.patheos.com), (open learning pack)CONCLUSIONIn conclusion some people associate grief and loss with only death but as can be seen from the beginning of this essay grief and loss are not exclusive to those who have experienced a death. There are many other forms of grief and loss that are as intense for those experiencing other types of loss such as end of a relationship,rape and infertility to name a few. Although there are some common symptoms in response to loss and grief there is no frequent predictable emotional path that every individual follows and the grief process is very personal and unique to every individual.There are many theories with regards to the grief process one of which is Kubler-Ross who believes that no matter what the loss, every individual goes through a certain process in order to deal with the loss .Individuals may feel they are alone when it comes to dealing with their grief but there are a wide range of statutory abd voluntary agencies available to help with the process and any financial issues individuals might face.When I had the opportunity to provide support to a service user who suffered a loss it gave me a closer insight in to how the individual feels and copes when supported in a positive way and the process they had to go through to overcome what happened to them.With regards to death we see that although care settings can have different procedures when dealing with a death the correct legal procedures are the similar throughout and must be adhered to. We see that attitudes towards death have also changed, people are no longer accepting all the responsibility for dealing with the death of a loved one , preferring to allow undertakers to deck up the arrangements and nowadays there is a mourning period . We also see that religions take differentapproaches when it comes to a funeral service Christianity and Hinduisim each have their own tradittions with regards to the service and attire but the service is centered around the persons religion , whereas with a Humanist Funeral focuses on the deceased person and the life that they had. The grief process no matter what the loss is not pleasant it is only by dealing with the grief through help or mourning that we can move on.REFERENCESwww.scotland.gov.uk/library5/social/waad-pp.aspwww.infertility.about.comwww.divorcesupport.about.comwww.helpguide.orgwww.changingminds.orgSocial care open learning packwww.ifishoulddie.co.ukwww.patheos.comwww.funeralwise.comwww.ageconcern.org.ukwww.cancerlink.co.ukwww.victimsupport.co.ukwww.crusebereavment.org.ukwww.ardgowan hospice.org.uk

History of Lauropian Society

Secluded in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, is a place c bothed Lauropia, a wonderful society. It is always peaceful and nonhing evil ever happens on the island. The islands air is always fresh and unbosom of each toxins or pollution. Temperature on the South slope of Lauropia is always warm with no humidity present. On the North post of Lauropia the weather is always finished for winter activities, the temperature is just cold enough for the snow to f each(prenominal). The North boldness of the island is full of steep, snow-covered the great unwasheds that are perfective for skiing.On the South side of the Lauropia clean, sandy beaches cover the land. The ocean water is crystal clear and warm. Lauropia is the perfect place to live. On the island every someone would be treated as an equal. No one person would think or act the like they were better than someone else. there would be no racism present, only types of large number would reside here and get along unitedl y. It wouldnt matter if you were African American, Caucasian, Asian, Spanish, Mexican or any other race each and every individual would treat each other the same. Whether a person was heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual wouldnt matter.Lauropians wouldnt judge each other by their appearance or whom they interacted with. There would be a diverse amount of variant religions that would not criticize the other religions for their beliefs. Once a month all the divers(prenominal) religions would get together at the island community building and congregate together to discuss their viewpoints and thoughts on each faith. The Lauropians would be involved in a wide variety of sports and leisure activities all year long. This would be make possible because of the extreme temperature differences on the North and South sides of the mountain.The North side would always be cold so the citizen could go skiing and snowboarding at the Lauropian Mountain Resort. The resort would offer a wide variet y of different leveled slopes for the skiers on one half of the mountain. On the other half of the mountain there would be a Snowboard Park consisting of a slopes and half pipes strictly for the snowboarders. A snow tubing park would also be ready(prenominal) for any whom has interest in snow tubing. There would family tubes and single tubes gettable for use. For all the snow mobilers on Lauropia, The Lauropian Mobile Park leave behind be open for their riding enjoyment.All these activities and more on North Lauropia get out pass minimal charges to stop advantage of the facilities. On the warm and braw South Lauropia, the beaches exit be clean and free of charge for all citizens. The beaches would have volleyball courts open to anyone. At the piers there would be docks where people could rent Jet Skis, Speed Boats, Yachts, and Party Boats for their recreational pleasure. Sidewalks and paths would be on hand for Lauropians to roller blade, skateboard, ride bikes, and run, jo g, or walk. Boating trips would also be operable that take groups out in the middle of the ocean to aqualung dive and snorkel.Throughout the whole island shopping centers, eateries, and sports complexes of all types will be accessible. Any store imaginable would exist for the Lauropians to shop for their wants and needs. The women would be in shopping heaven with the amount and variety of stores available to them. The amounts of places to eat would be incredible. They would range from places like Burger King and McDonalds, to Chi Chis and Lone Star, to five atomic number 82 restaurants. Any type of food that a person had a liking for would be accessible. Sports Complexes would be placed all over the island for Lauropians to participate in any athletic event that they enjoyed.There would be football, baseball, field hockey, softball, soccer, and lacrosse fields. indoor(a) and outdoor courts for tennis players would be accessible. If there were any sports that a person or group of people would want to play and the facilities were not available the Lauropian Sports Board would do their best to make them available. The Lauropian Society would always give to make the island enjoyable for each person. Schooling would be one of the about important aspects of life on the island. It will be required for all citizens to produce their information at elementary school level and overlay up to collegiate level.It would not be required, but if the parents wanted to start sending their children to nursery or preschool the facilities would be open for use free of charge. All schooling on the island would be free of charge because education is of great importance to the people of Lauropia. The schools would administer the best education possible. There would be a large variety colleges available for students to choose from depending on their individual or dual major. If a person find outd that they did not want to finish their schooling, being banished from the island would punish them.When and if the person decides they want to acquire back to island to finish their education the school board will have a meeting and decide if that certain person deserves to be let back on the island. On most occasions the student will be allowed to come back. Once a person graduates from college and gets a job, if they decide they want to go back to college to further their education, the company that they work for will usually give them funding for it. Students will be required to go to school for nine months out of the year.Altogether students would be required to get a line seventeen years of schooling. In order to insure that the students would be acquiring an excellent education the teachers would have to take a Teaching trial run every five years. If the teachers fail to complete the requirements and the written section of the turn up they will not be permitted to teach for one year. After the occlusion of time is up the teacher may retake the test a nd if he or she passes it, they will then be allowed to teach again. Teachers would also be required to go back to college annually and take two courses to widen their knowledge.All measures would be taken that would be necessary to main(prenominal)tain the finest graphic symbol of education for Lauropians. The citizens of Lauropia would be able to make up their own laws and rules. distributively year the members the government would sit down and revise the laws from the years originally if necessary. Each community on Lauropia would have representatives that would go around and take ideas and thoughts on how the island could be changed and run to make it better place to live. Laws would neer be passed if a large number of people on the island disagreed with them. The main concern that the government would have is the Lauropians happiness.

Personal Administration Essay

military group government, separate inhabitn as humankind resources (HR) charge, is the coordination and regulation of employees in a company. It involves organizing, recruiting, hiring, training, and assessing workers. combat resolution and legal compliance also argon important aspects. With a good HR squad doing their jobs well, a company ordain lots be ultimately more efficient and competitive, generating additional revenue. OrganizationIn virtually businesses, a well-organized work crowd translates to greater efficiency, productivity, and revenue. The first goal of military unit plane section administration, therefore, is to organize all employees in such a way that go throughs them to succor and complete tasks in the best way possible. Examples of issues in this area implicate how many sections are necessary, how many individuals should be in separately department, what the four-in-hand to employee ratio should be, and what alternate chains of command should be used when managers mucklenot be contacted. Organization also deals with how to assign individuals to specific projects, as well as keeping the employees healthy and safe in the work environment. Recruitment and Hiring at one time those in a companys power administration aggroup know how to organize workers and their projects, they begin to recruit and hire employees actively. They post notices some positions on hand(predicate), organize or take part in events such as job mediocres, and conduct initial interviews to find the most qualified and go through candidates. They then pass on information about the final candidates to department managers, who often conduct the last interviews and diagnose the call about whom to hire. formulationEmployees who are new to a company do not perpetually know the business policies and summonss, even if they bring on incredible experience and learning sets. Training is almost always necessary to remedy this. Members of the HR departmen t may develop the training events and documentation needed to determine employees work efficiently. They also put together and oversee additional training, such as that needed to advance to a different position in the company. In some instances, they partner with various educationalinstitutions to develop programs that will allow employees to get certifications or degrees related to the industry. AssessmentMost companies urgency to know that their employees are performing at a certain level. They also want to know that the workers are following policies and procedures well. One duty of the personnel administration team, therefore, is to develop techniques and tools that managers can use for assessment purposes. A common font is a standardized form for an employee performance review. HR workers use the selective information collected through these items to analyze the activity inside the company and to make decisions such as whether to increase pay. Conflict ResolutionAn advantag e of victimization people over machines is that individuals can be innovative and display licit thought transitiones based on experience, but people do not always get a long as they strive to do this. The HR department is responsible for resolving conflicts that may arise in the company, particularly those amid different levels of management. They also work to resolve conflicts that are not interpersonal, such as a new employee feeling out of situate in his work environment. Keeping detailed drops related to these activities is a must, as some conflicts eventually lead to disciplinary action or endpoint that, if not appropriately executed, can lead to lawsuits. Personnel management workers loosely have an easier time resolving conflicts when they have a solid theoretical account of clear policies and procedures to fall back on. The policies and procedures let the personnel department employees appease objective as they try to find viable solutions. They also go out that a ny solutions proposed are in line with company objectives. The HR team works closely with members of management to put together policy and procedure documentation for this reason. Legal ComplianceMembers of the HR team look at policies and regulations not just for their company, but for their jurisdiction. They ensure that employees fill out the proper tax forms, for example, and any opposite government required paperwork. This task is ambitious because new legislation is passed regularly, requiring the personnel administration workers to adjust the activities and documentation within the business. It is critical because failure to complywith even one regulation can put the reputation and operation of the company at risk.Personnel judgeshipThe scope of personnel administration is quite wide. It includes all activities which jockstrap the management in getting the work done by the labour force in the best manner possible to accomplish the organizational objectives. The chief(pr enominal)(prenominal) objective in any organization is the optimum utilization of available resources. Personnel administration is primarily concerned with the organization of men therefore, the main objective may be summarized as to utilize the available human resources in a a way so as to get the work done effectively to the maximum satisfaction of the individual worker to seek their cooperation in accomplishing the general goals of the organization. The objectives of personnel administration can be classified into General objectives and specific objectives. General objectives1. Maximum individual discipline the employer should always be careful in developing the personality of each individual. If an act of the employer can adversely affect the personality of the individual, he should block it. Employer should establish and support such human values that may have social recognition and importance. They should always be regarded as partners and given overdue importance. The obj ective of Personnel administration as a bridge surrounded by the management and the employees is to keep the management apprised of positive accomplishments and warning signals in the personnel practices. If the human assets of an organization are being misused in the process of profit maximization, it is definitely a short term achievement, because in the long run, the adverse effects felt by the work force will translate into lesser profits for the organization.2. Desirable working traffichip betwixt employer and employee it is the major objective of personnel administration to achieve a preferable working relationship between the employer and the employees so that they may cooperate with the management. both of them must rely on each other. The personnel administrator should get it realized to the top management that personnel should be given moderately and equitable treatment and on the other hand, convey to the workers that theyshould cooperate in achieving the goals of t he management. The basic responsibility for the personnel crafts with the supervisors although the administrator supplies tools such as policy, record keeping, control and advice. His objective is therefore to ensure that the line supervisor is alive(predicate) of his personnel responsibilities and carries them out responsibly. Simultaneously he should also ensure respectable conduct amongst all personnel and on the part of each supervisor towards each employee for whom he is responsible.3. Specialized services The administrator provides the tools such as record keeping, policy making, controlling and advising. Although not directly responsible for the personnel, who lie with the line supervisor, he may examine causes for non-efficiency or non-effectiveness, suggest bettering measure, perform research into proposed personnel procedures, handle negotiations with a government agency, etc. The basic objective here is to provide assistance to the line supervisor whilst simultane ously ensuring that the line supervisor meets his responsibilities to the personnel. 4. Molding of human resources Human beings is the most important resource and the only active factor which engages all other factors of production. Therefore, the administrator should emphasize the effective utilization of human resources as compared to personal resources so that production and productivity is optimized. Other factors of production will be ineffective without effective molding of human resources. Specific objectives1. Selection of the rightly type and number of persons2. Proper orientation and introduction of new employees to their jobs3. presidency of suitable training facilities4. Provision of better working conditions and facilities.5. Provision of sound, fair and effective wage and salary administration and incentives.6. Good industrial relations with representative trade unions7. Personnel researchDuties of Personnel StaffIn a dynamic working environment, the boundaries of any role cannot be distinctly defined. However, the duties of Personnel staff may be described as to a lower place- 1. As a Service Provider providing information on merchandise statistics of personnel availability, pay rates, etc. Interpret the complexlaws and legislations. Employment and position programs, employee compensation programs, training and development programs, labour relations could be say to be the duty as a service provider. It must be noted that there will often be an overlap between the different roles that a Personnel staff may assume 2. As a facilitator advises the supervisors on employee problems, facilitates training and development, and when performance appraisals are done. One of the responsibilities of Personnel staff is also to ensure that other managers who undertake such activities are well equipped to do so. 3. as a consultant to help the supervisors resolve problems due to lack of motivation, lack of training, grievances, etc. 4. As an auditor to ensure that all members of the management perform their respective roles, to determine whether personnel policies and procedures are being administered uniformly by supervisors.

How Effective Are Celebrity Endorsements

How opinionive ar honor Endorsements Ever since the start of commercial radio in the 20s and the since the first silver screen entered the market, broadcasting messages by celebrities has been a tool employed to endorse crossways. Just about each star was associated with one and only(a) sponsors proceeds he or she plugged. (1). Over the years repute endorsement became an essential dampen of selling (more than 25% of television ads feature celebrities)(5), for the indorser it became an easy way of generating an income term for the endorsing comp whatever it became a guaranteed way to reach a wide fraction of potential clients.With the cost of celebrity endorsement deals reach astronomical highs, one has to address the metier of such expenditures on a companys marketing plan and whether the economic result justifies the high cost associated with it. A better understanding to the aspects of celebrity endorsement is imperative in analyzing its up correctlyness it starts with the nature of the indorser and with a of import question of who is a celebrity endorser? A celebrity endorser is defined as an single who enjoys universal recognition and who exercises this recognition on behalf of a consumer good by appearing with it in an advertisement (2).It is not the just the TV or movie stars, it encompasses people from the world of sports, politics and business among other fields. The authority also varies from endorsing a intersection point in an explicit mode as in I endorse, implicit mode as in I use, imperative mode as in we should use ,co-present mode in which a celebrity appears with the harvest-feast and the cases where the endorser is an sharp in the range of the production manu itemuring or usage. No matter what component part the celebrity takes to persuade the target audience and push them towards secure(3) is the fundamental factor in the triumph of the campaign.Various psychological researches produced twain main vexs that endorsers locate into the credibility model (4) and the source attractiveness model (4). The Credibility model ties the supremacy of the endorser by how trustworthy and how more knowledge and expertise he portrays to the viewer darn the source attractiveness model relates the success of an endorser by his or her physical appearance behavior and how much can the viewer relate to him or her. Few variations to the two main models exist however one role stays consistent with any model we explore and that is the persuasive role that the celebrity has to play.In addition to the variant models a celebrity endorser might fit into a pagan categorization applies when identifying endorsers as well. Observing various different endorsements ads it give outs evident that sure celebrities represents certain shed light ones in society and be meant to target that class. Celebrities targeting upper class audience are different than the ones targeting middle class and move class, bandage celebrities targeting one gender or one age group are different than the other. The homogeneous differentiation applies to lifestyles, demographics and behaviors if the targeted market.It becomes evident that choosing a successful endorser requires careful attention to be paid to the target audience and to the endorser to ensure compatibility. This compatibility becomes the base of a successful endorsement campaign. Consumers have become aware and accustomed to a marketers approach, they understand the intentions of a marketer and subconsciously raise a wall to block his attempt at reaching them, and its a natural defense mechanism that a somebody uses when feeling pressured to purchase or associates the attempts of a marketer to pervious experiences.And while the average consumer is learning to block marketers, fascination with movie stars and celebrities has always change magnitude and reached all time highs with the introduction of reality TV. Now potential consumers are inter ested and have access to every minor detail in a celebritys life for the most part, this fascination opens the admission to a different kind that is built between a consumer and a celebrity. A celebrity is no longer just an idol provided they become an everyday advisor in the sense of fashion, lifestyle and however human relationships.This bond that is created between the viewer and a celebrity helps understand the numberiveness that endorsements have where marketers have failed. The celebrity stools show in the eyes of the public and that character carries on into the product he is endorsing, and even though a part of the persuasion has to exist in the product itself, but a celebrity uses his status and the character he has built to gain credibility and likeability among the target audience.This character the celebrity transfers to the product is known as the kernel (2). The transfer of the marrow to the product goes through three shows. The first demonstrate is in fin ding the celebrity with the desired meaning that they want to stretch forth to the product this requires casting from the wide world of celebrity endorsers. The second stage is choosing which celebrity embodies the meaning the marketing campaign requires for the product, this stage is subject to put down restraints and availability.After deciding on an endorser stage three is the most tangled stage as in this step the endorser has to be open to transfer that meaning into the product, they have to make this meaning available to the consumer in a material form(2), this stage allows the consumer to accept the meaning they are given and accept the product and you use is a tool to build their own character. These three steps not only transfer the character of the endorser to the consumer but form a bond with them and the satisfaction from the product will add apprize to future endorsements.All these added measure outs become part of the character of each endorser and that becomes t he determinant in his or her success. The consumer is biasd by the character the endorser transfers into the product in two distinct methods, credit and internalization. Identification is defined as the attempt of a consumer to believe the meaning or image portrayed by a celebrity endorser (6), while internalization is defined as the acceptance of a consumer of an inclination that conforms to his or her set or belief systems (6) when introduced by an expert.Differentiating between those two methods would determine further the method of pairing the ripe product with the right endorser. An expert endorsing a product that requires higher consumer involvement or that is considered super valued or technological seem to have better success then a celebrity endorsing the same product. This result is due to the fact that products requiring higher involvement by the consumer to use or products with higher value require a higher level of understanding for the product explaining why inte rnalization is more effective.In fall out a celebrity endorsing a product requiring less consumer involvement or a product that is presented by the image it portray would have a higher success than an expert endorsing the same product. This is explained by understanding the nature of appeal of these products, with a high dialect put on image and emotional association which is highlighted by the similitude to the celebrity endorsing. All consumers purchasing a product understand that with their purchase a certain level of risk is involved and only when the re shimmer they expect themselves earning is higher than the grokd risk will they commit to a purchase.Various studies were performed (6) to understand the nature of nature of perceived risk by the consumer and the effect of the endorser on it. The results are important to analyze, as understanding how to lower the perceived risk will serve towards more successful product sales. Studies(6) indicated that an expert endorser of a higher technological product (a ready reckoner served as the product for the study) succeeded in cut back the perceived risk by the consumer, while celebrity endorser reduced the perceived risk by consumers towards a low technological, peripherally processed product (clothing served as the product for the study.Even though there are other risks that remain beyond the effect of the endorser such as financial risk however choosing the right endorser has a direct effect on the result of the marketing campaign and impacts part of perceived risk by the consumer towards the product. These studies draw a wider picture of how not only should we evaluate the endorser by the consumers attitude towards them but also by their effect on reducing the risk related to a product that a consumer considers in its evaluation.Now that the plectron process of an endorser and the guidelines followed in order to insure their effectiveness is explained we turn our attention to how we evaluate their effec tiveness on two main goals of a marketing campaign, brand recognition and sales. Brand recognition and branding has evolved from traditionally being viewed as a marketing function to being viewed as heart of the business activity (7).It became an essential asset that has to be managed and its cognitive process evaluated in terms of marketing efficiency and asset valuation. To create value in branding a company has to create a uncomparable and strong brand association among consumers. The consumers role in creating a strong brand is essential since the higher the awareness between consumers to the product the more valued a brand becomes thus resulting in integrity brand measured by consumer perception rather than quantitative figures.The stronger the relationship a consumer has with a brand the stronger a brand is and this concept of brand-consumer relationship is explained by examining how a consumer achieves self consistency by purchasing products they perceive as a reflection o f themselves this is defined as the image congruity hypothesis (7) in which consumers compare their perceptions about product to their own values and choose the one closest. 1. Ted Sherman, History Of Celebrity Endorsement (July 2010) 2. Grant McCracken, Who is the Celebrity Endorser?Cultural Foundations of the Endorsement Process Journal of consumer research , (December 1989) 3. Colleen Bee, Scott A Jones Who is trying to Persuade me? Exploring consumer Interpretations of Endorsement based Advertising (December 2007) 4. Hovland, Carl I and Walter Weiss (1951-1952), The influence of Source Credibility on communication effectiveness 5. 6. Dipayan Biswas and Abhijit Biswas, The Differential effect of Celebrity and Expert Endorsements on consumer Risk Preception(June 2006) 7.

Spectrum Stores Inc, Plaintiffs – Appellants V. Citgo Petroleum Corporation; Saudi Arabian Oil Company, Doing Business as Saudi Aramco; Defendants – Appellees.

Case Brief particular(a) Credit Citation SPECTRUM STORES INC, Plaintiffs Appellants v. CITGO PETROLEUM CORPORATION SAUDI ARABIAN petroleum COMPANY, doing business as Saudi Aramco Defendants Appellees. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT. 632 F. 3d 938 (2011) Facts Gasoline retailers accused the OPEC constituent nations of fix pricing of crude petroleum and refined petroleum products in the US. The appellants argued that the district court mischaracterized their complaint as alleging a conspiracy among sovereign nations to fix costs via production.They argued that the consolidated complaint alleges that moneymaking(prenominal) corporations, rather than governments, have taken over the production of crude oil. infra the act of state doctrine, the courts of one country will not puzzle in judgment on the acts of the government of an-other, done within its testify territory. The appellees have met their burden of demonstrating that negotiation of this suit woul d necessarily call into movement the acts of unconnected governments with respect to exploitation of their natural resources.The court barred the claims, and had to use up foreign policy of the political branches, which was not codified in a treaty that the court was merely asked to interpret. By judging the case, the panel would subscribe to reexamine critical foreign policy decisions Issue Are the OPEC member nations oil companies committing antitrust conspiracy by price fixing of crude oil and petroleum products in the US? ratiocination For the foregoing reasons, the United States court declined to sit in judgment of the acts of the foreign states that comprise OPEC and urged that the district courts judgment of dismissal be affirmed. Reason The antitrust conspiracy alleged by plaintiffs arises from the Sovereign Acts of outside(prenominal) States. To observe for plaintiffs on their antitrust claims would require a court to rule on the legality of the Foreign Sovereign Acts of Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, and Russia. These cases do not trigger the territorial limitation or a possible technical activity exception of the Act of State Doctrine.

Evaluate the Effectiveness of the Legal System Essay

World mold is the term given to the balance of reason among the nation secernates of the domain. Differences between these nations lav lead to a exp whiznt imbalance, which affects earthly concern order. It can best be achieved by dint of agreements between states and other universewide instruments that set out the ideal global standards of behavior for states on a number of issues. tho conflicts arise between countries due to differences in pagan attitudes and the desire for extra territory.In order to settle much(prenominal) disputes the international community has legal bodies such as the United Nations to cooperate with countries to find nonp areilself solutions and be a leader in settling and spreading estimable standards. Their prime aim is to promote world order. befaces for society non only the autonomy of nations and the lack of en advertizement power but also a range of other factors limit the effectiveness of such an establishments. Each rural bea has its own perspective on world order and not any meets eye to eye. however it can be argued that world order is a necessity in todays society. There are well-nigh conflicts between majorities and pocket-sizeities or nation against nation that can take umteen forms such as guerilla, armed forces and nuclear warfare. An manakin of a military conflict was the Gulf war between Iraq and the UN lead forces concerning the occupation of Kuwait. But not all conflicts fit into the category of direct confrontation some arise when a convention ignores the needs of another or exploits them.For poser after a long civil war in 1996 when the Taliban took direct of Afghanistan. Many measures seve commit restricted womens rights and alienated other Afghans. repayable to an imbalance of economical power further conflicts can arise such as when a third world dry land cannot compete with real nations beca single-valued function of the lack of capital they possess. When a dominant group expands its power by taking over territory and increasing its commonwealth and its resources, it is called expansion, which affects the international power structure that can possibly panicen world order.Even though it can be achieved through peaceful practices it mainly takes form in a conflict. In a stable global environment, interdependence, this means that nations rely upon others, can fool favorable outcomes. But in an unstable world order, it can lead to conflict and the possible subjugation of weaker nations. Throughout history, local communities and indigenous people thrust suffered dramatically from conflict and expansion as more dominant groups get hold of both directly and indirectly dishonored their culture through the loss of customs, social structure and language.International crimes are criminal acts that have international repercussions on people, state, peace, law and executement of international law. The ICC has the legal power over some international crime s. Such international crimes include apartheid (South Africa), genocide (Rwanda), Crimes against humanity (Former Yugoslavia), war crimes (Kosovo), piracy and hijacking. In the international sphere, force plays an central role in maintaining law and order which are critical in the success of world order.The use of force is seen as the most(prenominal) apparent way to maintain order and prevent or resolve conflicts. But it comes with such negatives as being highly expensive and costly in terms of the civilians and soldiers lost. Over the last century two world organisations have been established to prevent war and have legal position to use force in certain circumstances. After World War champion in 1920 the League of Nations was created as a place where governments could bring their disputes.But the L of N had no automatic right to intervene and most governments didnt agree in bringing disputes before it. With expressage rank and file and those that were members werent accus tomed to ploughing together, it was flawed. It was however able to make approach in the suppression of slavery, world health, the protection and care for refugees and settling minor disputes. But once the 1930s began it cease to have any governmental relevance. After the failure of the League of Nations the United Nations formed, which founded a charter that outline its purpose and methods of achieving its goals.The Un charter (1945) enshrined the idea that force or the bane of force should not be the norm in international relations. Although they were practical enough to realise that force would some eras be used. The UN was deliberately created as a more ambitious organisation and has six main organs The security Council, the General Assembly, Secretariat, the Security Council, Economic and Social Council, International coquet of Justice and Trusteeship Council. Membership is based on whether the nation state is peace loving and willing to accept all the obligations of the UN Charter.The Security Council consists of cardinal member states with only five permanent members, which have the power to foreclose majority decisions. These five permanent members are Britain, France, USA, China and Russian Federation, which polish the dominance each has in the world order (except Russia). The UN gives the Security Council, which is obligated for international peace and security, two ways of dealing with a threat to world peace. The first involves the use of peaceful methods such as economic sanctions. The second involves the use of armed forces. Peacekeeping is defined by as The maintenance of international peace using formed troops on a lower floor UN control to prevent the outbreak or renewal of fighting or by stabilising a situation sufficiently to promote peace. Butterworths Australian Legal Dictionary. The Un Peacekeepers are an assembly of a very diverse, international group of soldiers and civilians, which assists in settling disputes that restor es the peace in an area. just it doesnt prepare an army as often they are made up of doctors, nurses and pilots.In many situations UN peacekeepers help clear landmines, train civilians and even monitor elections. For example in Namibia, the UN peacekeepers supervised a democratic election, which lead to the countys sovereignty. The front man of peacekeepers can have positive affects such as the limit in the spread of violence in Haiti and Cyprus, but in other places they have been less successful i. e. the UN peacekeeping in Somalia in 1992. As Somalia condemnable into clan-based civil war, the country collapsed and the UN was unable to restore peace and eventually go away as Somalia remained in chaos.Originally the five permanent members of the Security Council were meant to consecrate the peacekeeping forces. But in reality they are conducted outside the UNs regular budget, where national governments deployed troops to the peacekeeping efforts. Much of the peacekeeping is do by Ireland, Sweden and Australia. Australia has contributed either military forces or police to 54 peacekeeping forces and in 1999-2000 Australia played a leading role in reestablishing order in East Timor. Australia has also conducted peacekeeping efforts outside of the UNs cognitive operation in Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea.On the other hand the UN peacekeepers are special(a) in their effectiveness as they can only use force in self-defense, thitherfore they cannot directly intervene unless they are shot at and made themselves targets of conflict. Due to the dominance of some states in the world order, there is no equal treatment between nations states, which are members of the UN. Even though the UN charter states that there must be equality, in practice it does not exist. Due to the nature of certain UN bodies it is inevitable that smaller states are marginalized.However the situating of the United Nations in New York enables every member to sit side by side and hav e an immediate translation of languages, which breaks down barriers to communication. The UN has successfully raised the conscience of human rights through its conventions and the attention to special(prenominal) abuses through its resolutions. But its ability to function is hampered by its financial problems as it is expect to govern the country on $8 billion per year, which is less than the step of m integrityy the world spends on defense each week.It is resource unproductive as it ahs gone deeper in to debt as countries are slow to pay. Its enforceability is limited as it lacks the power to sufficient apply equal force to every nation should members ignore UN resolutions. War is not the only means of remnant a conflict a more peaceful method is through international tribunals. The International royal court of Justice is an arm of the UN and is therefore one of the worlds main judicial bodies. Established in 1946, it is sometime referred to as the world court. With its jurisd iction applies when it is in accordance with international law.Its primary role is to try matters submitted by countries and to advise on the matters. It can also apply its authority when there is a special agreement about a dispute in which the parties to a conformity nominate the ICJ as the mechanism for resolution. The ICJ is a permanent court where 15 judges are elected by the UN Security Council and the General assembly. Not only can the ICJ resolve disputes by making a ruling, it can also generate policy-making constrict to persuade countries to alter their behavior. In theory, the courts decisions are binding and without appeal.However in practice the losing party unwilling to abide by the ruling and the Security Council often limits its effectiveness is restricted to enforce the ruling. For example in the courtship of the US versus Nicaragua (1984), the decision stated that the US had to cease unlawful terrorist activities against Nicaragua and arranged that the US pay reparation. However they refused to pay and subsequently withdrew from the ICJ. But one of the main limitations the ICJ has is that only states can be parties to cases before the court. No individual, organisation or company can bring forth a matter. convinced(p) both parties need to agree to have the court hear the matter. This is a dilemma in itself as the rulings are final and no country is going to openly dispute the matter where there is a mishap of losing. Its restrictive power reduces its ability to take initiatives and its lack of power to enforce and police its decisions has become a major criticism. The International Criminal Court ICC was established in 2002 as a permanent tribunal to follow up on individuals for committing genocide, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression and war crimes.The ICC is a treaty based, legal entity independent from the UN. despite this autonomy it works closely with the UN to promote the rule of law. The ICC has the power to throw aw ay the offender if found guilty for life but does not cleft the death penalty. One of the main objectives to the ICC is that some countries believe that there is little supervision of the courts apparatuses and the verdicts whitethorn become subject to political matters. For the ICC, it has taken four years for the required sixty signatures to be gained and the treaty ratified.The United States of America can undermine the proceedings of the court by refusing to supply evidence and witnesses, like any other country can. During the 1990s several atrocities where occurring in the Balkans and Africa. This resulted in specialist tribunals developed to deal with the specific investigations. War crimes and crimes against humanity were happening in former Yugoslavia. Thus in 1993 the UN Security Council created a new war crimes tribunal. The International Criminal judgeship for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) had the jurisdiction over breaches of the Geneva Conventions and international ha bitual law.On 12 February 2002, Slobodan Milosevic, the former president of Yugoslavia was charged of the planning and implementing, on a widespread and systematic scale and attack on the civilian population of Kosovo. Kosovo, which was a province of Serbia, had a majority population of Muslim Albanians and Slobodan was criminate of leading a campaign of ethnical cleansing. This was the first time a former head of state had faced charges of crimes against humanity. Unfortunately Milosevic died in 2006 before his trial concluded.The fact that the ICTY tried Slobodan, illustrate that justice can be achieved when nations cooperate with the international community. In Africa, more specifically Rwanda, genocide was occurring between the two main ethnic groups the Hutu and Tutsis. Based on the ICTY manakin in 1994 the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda was established to prosecute those amenable for genocide in the republic. This tribunal was instated in response to over whelmi ng pressures and has started a series of trials.These Ad Hoc tribunals have one specific purpose and may take time to be established which could mean the loss of thousands of lives. It is not a permanent body and will disband once trials have concluded. Sometimes as in the case with the ICTY where the main target is one person, it can suppress other investigations as most of its resources may be deployed in trailing that one person. The nature of Ad Hoc has proved to be cost ineffective and time consuming. International instruments such as treaties and customary law form the principle source of international law and are some measures of achieving world order.Treaties, which can also be called conventions, statutes or charters, are binding agreements. They formalise the process where by governments through international agencies work together on common problems. The two types of treaties are bilateral and multifaceted treaties in where states agree on terms and the parties are there fore coalition by it. Since 1945 there has been some significant treaties signed that are an all important(p) part of the current world order